Leisure Activities - 1499 Words

Research Report Leisure activities Abstract Leisure activities play a significant role in daily life of overseas students who have heavy burden of study. The purpose of this study was dissect the attitude of international students for leisure activities and examined the reason why they changed their leisure activities after coming to Australia. A questionnaire was designed collectively and distributed to fifty students from the UWS College. The findings indicated that majority of international students chose to do indoor activities instead of outdoor activities after coming to Australia. In addition, students spent less time doing leisure activities in Australia compared to their home country. Future studies should include a wide sample†¦show more content†¦Results 50 international students took part in this survey about leisure activities, which included 20 males and 30 females. The majority of respondents came from Asian countries (98%). The age of the sample was mainly between 21 to 25 years by 60%. Fig1: Types of leisure-time activities [pic]Figure 1 compares the types of leisure activities in Australia and in home country. Overall, 22% students did some sport in leisure time and 32% students had some entertainment activities in Australia. It was similar to students who live in home country. On the other hand, there is an eightfold decrease in the number of students who chose to meet with friends between home country and Australia. 42% students chose to stay at home in Australia while only 6% students elected that in home country. Fig2: The factors which make students to change their leisure activities Figure 2 illustrates that the reason of students changed their leisure activities. More than 75% international students changed their leisure activities caused â€Å"Time† (27%) â€Å"Money† (23%) and â€Å"Study† (25%). In contrast, â€Å"Do not have friends to do leisure activities with† was represented by 3% for students. Fig3: The purpose of leisure activities [pic]Figure 3 highlights the percentage of purpose which students do leisure activitiesShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Leisure Activities On Leisure Pursuits1709 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Leisure is an important aspect of individuals’ daily lives that enhances life satisfaction, enriches mental and physical development, and improves relationships with family, friends, or significant others (Brightbill, 1961). In addition, Robert Stebbins (1992) created the concept of serious leisure to help explain how people dedicate their time and efforts towards their leisure and to explain the characteristics that reflect these participants’ seriousness in their leisure pursuits. ARead MoreBenefits Of Recreational Leisure Activities1191 Words   |  5 Pagesdo an activity, which benefits one’s body, soul and mind (Harnik, 2016). 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Business Management Several Provisions for Extrinsic Additional Facto

Question: Describe about the Several Provisions for Extrinsic Additional Factors for Business Management. Answer: Introduction Marriott International group of hotels is headquartered in Bethesda, Maryland in the United States, with more than 5,700 properties and operating in more than 110 countries. The total revenue of the selected company was observed to be $ 14 billion in the fiscal year 2015 (www.marriott.com. 2016). Objectives: The research aims to show the weakness in the HR management practices of Marriott International group of hotels. The main objectives of the research are listed below as follows: Analyses of the drawback of the HR practices of Marriott International group of hotels Motivational concerns among the employees of the company Implementation of HRM improvement process Rationale for the study The rationale for the study will explain the weakness in the recruitment process and increasing turnover of the organization. The research will also depicts the opportunities for better employee satisfaction and making necessary improvement in retaining of the employees hotel. Scope of the research The scope of the research will be based on studying the HR Practices in the selected organization. The limitations will be seen through the application of motivational theory such as Douglas McGregors X and Y theory and Maslows Hierarchy of Needs to study the reasons for the weakness prevailing in the motivation among the existing employees. The improvement process will be shown with the application of SWOT analysis of the collected information. The research will show both primary and secondary method for the data collection process. The report will be designed to analyze the findings based on graphical representation and charts. The latter part of the report will highlight the important issues for the weakness in the HR practices and the make the necessary recommendations and guidelines to improve the HR practices in the Marriott International group of hotels Questionnaires: The questions, which will be addressed in the research study, are stated below as follows: What are the issues concerning employees motivation and turnover at Marriott? What are the reasons for the weakness of HRM at Marriott? What are the developments, which can make to train and retain the present employees of the hotel? Literature Review According to Zhang, R et al. (2013), in the year, 1960 Douglas McGregor was known to propose a two-factor theory related to employee motivation. This theory was divided into two categories, namely theory X and theory Y. Theory X - The theory X employees are defined as those, who tend to avoid task and dislike the responsibilities assigned to them. The theory also stated that in order to promote effectiveness in work and motivation among employees the management needs to enforce the relevant rules and give punishments or take strict actions (Latham 2012). Theory Y - The theory Y of the motivational theory is directly related to the concept and contrast of the theory X. This theory states that the employees are internally motivated and they work better themselves. The theory further states that the employees do not need constant supervision of the management to stay motivated and perform better in the organization (Olkin and Marshall 2016). Hierarchy of Needs Theory According to Nordstrom and Renforth (2015), in the year 1943, Abraham Maslow proposed a theory consisting of five tiers to shape the motivation style in an organization. The theory suggested five different factors responsible for employee motivation; the theory further suggested that a company should look forward to move up the pyramid to ensure all the desired needs are met. The bottom of the pyramid consists of the physiological needs like sleep, shelter and food. The safety need is proposed to make up needs of second tier and third tier. The top of the pyramid included the need related to Esteem and self-actualization among the employees (Zavei and Jusan 2012). Figure 1: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (Source: Lester 2013) Strength, weakness, opportunities and threat (SWOT) analysis SWOT analysis is a planning tool to evaluate the four elements (Strength, weakness, opportunities and threat) of a particular business venture. The analysis can be performed on a product, person, company or a place. The overall analysis involves the process identifies the internal (Strengths and weakness) and the external (opportunities and threats) factors to achieve a specific objective (Suh 2014). Strength: It shows the characteristics of the business project, which shows the advantages of one policy or framework over others (Lin 2016). Weakness: This shows the characteristics of a particular place or a particular business venture, which shows the relative disadvantage in a particular project (Yu, Byun, and Lee 2014). Opportunities: These are elements, which a business should implement to exploit the areas of improvement in a particular venture. Threats: These are related to elements in the environment, which can possess trouble to a particular business or project (Lehr 2015). Figure 2: Model depicting SWOT analysis (Source: Hollensen 2015) Research Methodology The main objectives of the research process have been explained with the use of qualitative methods. This method explores the different types of idea behind the opinions, rationale and motivation behind the research data. The stages and description of the research methodology has been depicted with a diagram shown below as follow: Stages Description Identification of the data collection procedure 1) Primary data has been collected through conducting questionnaire from the employees of Marriott International group of hotels 2) Secondary data has been sourced from website of Marriott International group of hotels, books related to employee motivational theories and the management theories to overcome the relevant issues. Sources stating the secondary data 1) Internal sources of the secondary information have been collected from the annual report of Marriott International group of hotels. 2) External sources range from the books related to motivational theories, Newspaper, articles and company website Means of collection for different types of the primary data The primary data has been collected in form of interviews from the employees and managers of Marriott International group of hotels. Consideration of the Sampling Frame The main sampling frame has been taken through the employer and managers of the company. Size of the sample The sample size consists of a total of 2 Managers and 2 employees of Marriott International group of hotel Data Analysis procedure The data analysis has been done based on the qualitative analysis procedure Resources The resources are seen in form of the implementation of Time, Personnel and various types Financial requirements Milestones for the Improvement process Description Timeframe Identification of the HR issues at Marriott International 12.11.2016- 16.11.2016 Identification of factors for motivation of the employees 16.01.2017-20.03.2017 Conducting the questionnaire process 21.03.2017-22.04.2017 Implementation of theory X and theory Y 23.04.2017-25.07.2017 Implementation of hierarchy of needs 26.08.2017-27.08.2017 Implementation of the improvement process 28.08.2017- 30.09.2017 Gantt chart showing the appropriate timeframe of the research specifications: Data analysis and findings Primary data analysis Theory X and Theory Y The analysis of the different types of the analysis of the weakness in the HRM practices clearly states that the employees at Marriott international has to go through authoritarian style of management where the work pressure is considerably high during the peak seasons and hence the lack work life balance. It can be observed that at present the management is following Theory X as a motivational tool for the employees. Hierarchy of Needs Theory The various responses collected from the participants shows that the employees at Marriott International group of hotel suffered mainly due to the love and belonging needs. These needs are directly relevant to the tier 3 needs of Maslows hierarchy of needs model. The responses collected from the interview clearly shows that the employee lack interpersonal and needs related to belongingness. The overall analysis clearly states that the employees at Marriott international group of hotel lacking terms of time for work life balance, friendship, intimacy and family. SWOT Analysis Strengths As per the responses given by both managers and employees at Marriott international reported, the main strength of the company is seen in form of financial benefits provided for our performance even during the peak seasons. The employees have a significant amount of extrinsic motivation within the organization Weakness The weakness is seen in form failure to inculcate intrinsic motivation. The weakness in human resource management is also seen in terms of increased amount of turnover among the employees. Poor training provided to the new joining employees is also seen as a weakness in the HRM. Opportunities The organization has shown several scopes of opportunities in terms of providing better training facilities and better facilities for emphasizing on social life of the employees. The company should also work on providing better health insurance benefit to the existing employees of the organization. Threats The main threats are seen in form of increased employee turnover rate if correctional measures are not taken at the earliest. The employees may also join other renowned hotels such as hotels such as Armani Hotel, Auberge du Soliel, Nobis hotel Stockholm and Ritz carlton. Secondary data analysis The secondary data analysis is based on website, books, annual report and journals is shown below as follows: Theory X and Theory Y Based on the various information collected from websites and journals it has been found that the company applies Theory X for deciding employee motivation. This is evident from the fact that the management is a significant role during the peak season by offering several performances and even bonus for better customer service and extension of services. Hierarchy of Needs Theory As per the model of hierarchy of needs, the company mainly lacks in the third tire, which is related to Love and belongingness needs. Several journals have stated that the most significant reason for increased employee turnover was due to lesser opportunities given to the Marriott employees for spending adequate time with their family members, which deprived them of work life balance. SWOT Analysis Strengths The strength of the Marriott Group of hotel lies in the high brand value of the company. It is also known for making several technological improvements in its current business process. Marriott International hotel has 5700 hotels and is situated in more than 110 countries all across the globe. The hotel is further known for having various ranges of the brands from attainable to aspiration related. Weakness The weakness of the company lies in lower employee motivation and the competition faced from the several hotels such as Belmond Ltd, Hyatt International, Eldorado resorts etc. The shares of the aforementioned companies have been found to be higher than the Marriott International group of hotels. Opportunities The main opportunity is seen in terms of providing better employee motivation and better amenities to the existing employees. The several types of the opportunities in the hospitality have been seen with then emerging markets dealing in similar line of the business. Threats The most noted threat includes the entry of several international brands along with the most established brands of hotels such as Armani Hotel, Auberge du Soliel, Nobis hotel Stockholm, Ritz Carlton, The Table Bay hotel. The present threat of then hotel industry also lies in the stagnant growth and competitive process in of the several groups of five start hotels on the world. Conclusion and recommendations The analysis conducted both on primary and secondary data clearly shows that although the company gave several provisions for extrinsic additional factors such as performance incentives, employee bonus and better financial growth, it significantly lacks in terms of providing intrinsic motivation to the employees. The company needs to adapt to the style of theory Y of motivation, which will involve lesser interference of the management and employees, will be able to perform freely and stay motivated in a better way. The organization should give the opportunity for recognizing intrinsic motivation among the existing employees. The company also needs to provide high quality training to the new joining employees so that they are able to get acquainted with the company policies and framework at a very initial stage. The human resource management practices should further ensure that the employees are given better facilities for health insurance and gave more number of leaves to the employe es so that they can fulfill their love and belonging needs as per stated by the hierarchy of needs theory. Reference list Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Latham, G.P., 2012.Work motivation: History, theory, research, and practice. Sage. Lehr, D.D., 2015. An analysis of the changing competitive landscape in the hotel industry regarding airbnb. Lester, D., 2013. Measuring Maslow's hierarchy of needs.Psychological reports,113(1). Lin, X., 2016.Strategy Analysis of a Boutique and Lifestyle Hotel: A SWOT Analysis(Doctoral dissertation, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona). Nordstrom, R.D. and Renforth, W., 2015. Hierarchy of Needs in Transition: A Theory of Business Motivation. InProceedings of the 1983 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 282-288). Springer International Publishing. Olkin, I. and Marshall, A.W., 2016.Inequalities: theory of majorization and its applications(Vol. 143). Academic press. Suh, J., 2014. Theory and reality of integrated riceduck farming in Asian developing countries: A systematic review and SWOT analysis.Agricultural Systems,125, pp.74-81. www.marriott.com. (2016).About Marriott Hotels | Marriott Corporate Business Information. [online] Available at: https://www.marriott.com/marriott/aboutmarriott.mi [Accessed 12 Nov. 2016]. Yu, Y., Byun, W.H. and Lee, T.J., 2014. Critical issues of globalisation in the international hotel industry.Current Issues in Tourism,17(2), pp.114-118. Zavei, S.J.A.P. and Jusan, M.M., 2012. Exploring Housing Attributes Selection based on Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,42, pp.311-319. Zhang, R., Liu, X., Shang, X., Cheng, C., Lu, Z. and Ma, Y., 2013, July. Quantitative simulation and qualitative analysis of theory X, Y and Z. InService Operations and Logistics, and Informatics (SOLI), 2013 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 215-219). IEEE.

Why I want to go to Reed College Essay Example For Students

Why I want to go to Reed College Essay How did you first become interested in Reed and why do youthink Reed might be an appropriate place, both socially andacademically, to continue your education?I could tell you a heartfelt, sentimental, poignant story about first seeing a ReedCollege refrigerator magnet (my uncle got it at a reunion, I think) and feeling first deepemotions stirring somewhere inside my spleen. Or I could meticulously paraphrase the numerous brochures and articles aboutYet another option would be to rent a small airplane and skywrite, I want togo to Reed, in colorful pollutants. And I probably would resort to one of these strategies, had I not some realincentives to attend Reed College. They are based on what I have learned from ThePrinceton Review, general knowledge, conversations I have overheard, and othermiscellaneous tidbits of information sent to me by friends and relatives. First of all, I must express my admiration to the people who have decided thateducation is, after all, the purpose and respon sibility of a college and established theprecedence of academics over sports at Reed college. Id like to attend a schoolwhere I, a debater, will not be viewed as a second-class citizen by football players. Secondly, the notoriety of great educational standards has reached me all theway in Vancouver (OK, so it is only across the river) and enticed, attracted, andurged me to apply to Reed. Rumors of the side effects of avalanches of homeworkand sleepless nights have crept here, too, but Im up to the challenge. After two yearsof juggling high school, college, and extracurricular activities, receiving assignmentsonly at one place just might be paradise. Lastly, Reeds geographical location is just like pretty wrapping paper and a bigred bow on a present thats already great ( forgive the allusions to the Haagen-Daszcommercials). Living in Portland, I would be simultaneously away from my family inVancouverand as close as I might need to be! Not only would I have theopportunity to become be tter acquainted with Portland, but also to judge at debatetournaments for my old high school! The possibilities are mouthwatering. Jokes aside, I believe that attending Reed will be one of the most sensiblethings I might do in my whole life. Learning is what I do best, and at Reed I will havethe perfect opportunity to excel at it. Bibliography: We will write a custom essay on Why I want to go to Reed College specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Hsbc Bank Analysis Essays

Hsbc Bank Analysis Essays Hsbc Bank Analysis Essay Hsbc Bank Analysis Essay HSBC (The Hong Kong Shanghai Banking Corporation): INTRODUCTION: HSBC is the world’s second-largest banking and financial services group. The origins of the bank lie in Hong Kong and Shanghai, where its branches were first open in 1865. Number of location is around 7,500 offices in 87 countries and territories; Only in united states it has more than 460 bank branches, 210. 000 shareholders, 300,000 staff, and approximately 128 million customers worldwide. Throughout the world among the multinational banking giants HSBC is one of the leading largest banking groups. A A Flock hart, Chairman since 1 January 2011 and a Director since July 2010. An executive Director of HSBC Holdings plc and Chairman, Europe, Middle East, Africa, Latin America and Commercial Banking, Joined HSBC in 1974. BACKGROUND: HSBC Private Bank is the marketing name for the private banking business, HSBC group has a significant presence in each of the world’s financial markets, with the America, Asia Pacific and Europe each representing one third of the business, with around 8,000 offices 87 countries and territories, 210,000 shareholders, 300,000 staff and 128 million customers worldwide, HSBC arguably has the most valuable place in multinational banking giants. As HSBC announces so many facilities to their customer, Retail Banking and Wealth Management were previously referred to as Personal Financial Services. This rename was announced during HSBCs 2011 Investor Day. Commercial bank also provides financial services to small, medium-sized and middle-market enterprises; the bank said it would be hiring at least 2,000 extra people in mainland China and Singapore over the next five years, as it seeks to tap the fast growing Asia Pacific market. HSBC was founded in Hong Kong and Shanghai in 1865 and the bank regards Asia as its most important region†. FINANCIAL SERVICES: * Customer’s Personal financial services. * Current and savings accounts. * Mortgage. * Car financing. * Insurance. * Credit cards. * Loans. * Pensions. * Investments. SPONSORSHIP: HSBC sponsors the Great Canadian Geography Challenge, which has had around 2 million participants in the past 12 years. Since 2001, HSBC has sponsored the Celebration of Light, an annual musical fireworks competition in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. In 2007 HSBC announced it would be a sponsor of the National Hockey Leagues Vancouver Canucks and Calgary Flames. HSBC has also sponsored a professional gaming team that was disbanded late 2007. HSBC sponsored the 2009 British and Irish Lions tour to South Africa. GLOBAL SERVICE CENTER: HSBC develops global technology centre in Pacific Asia for HSBC group, the main theme is to lower cost economies in order to reduce the cost of providing services in developed and well economical countries. UK Retail Banking: The UK Personal Financial Services business continues, To build its position as a leading provider of financial Services to mass affluent customers in the UK through, The Premier and Advance propositions. The UK Commercial Banking strategy is to be: the ‘Leading International Business’ bank, using HSBC’s extensive geographical network together With product expertise in payments, trade, Receivables finance and foreign exchange to actively support customers who are trading and investing across borders; and the best bank for small and medium-sized Enterprises (‘SMEs’) in target markets, building global scale and creating efficiencies by sharing systems and best practice, including customer experience, training and product offerings, and selectively applying a direct banking model. DEPTH OF ANALYSIS: Consolidated income statement for the year ended 31 December 2010 20102009 ?m ? m Interest income . 11,110 12,643 Interest expense (3,416) (4,552) Net interest income ,694 8,091 Fee income 5,310 5,560 Fee expense (1,271) (1,483) Net fee income . 4,040 4,077 Trading income excluding net interest income . ,210 970 Net interest income on trading activities.. 901 1,656 Net trading income.. 2,117 2,626 Net income from financial instruments designated at fair value.. 276 543 Gains less loss from financial investments.. 537 (73) Dividend income 8 29 Net earned insurance premiums .. 42,635 2,716 Other operating income 782 1,093 Total operating income 18,090 19,102 Net insurance claims incurred and movement in liabilities to policyholders (3,023) (3,540) Net operating income before loan impairment charges and other credit risk Provisions 15,076 15,562 Loan impairment charges and other credit risk provisions (1,951) (3,364) Net operating income . 13,125 12,198 Employee compensation and benefits. (4,961) (4,452) General and administrative expenses 3,536) (3,114) Depreciation and impairment of property, plant and equipment.. (460) (482) Amortization and impairment of intangible assets. (162) (150) Total operating expenses.. (9,119) (8,198) Operating profit . ,006 4,000 Share of profit in associates and joint ventures . 5 14 Profit before tax . 4,011 4,014 Tax expense (996) (856) Profit for the year ,015 3,158 Profit attributable to shareholders of the parent company 2, 654 3,092 Profit attributable to non-controlling interests 56 66 2010 compared with 2009: Overview: Global Banking and Markets reported a pre-tax profit of ? 1,876 million in the period compared with ? 2,511 million in 2009, a decrease of 25 per cent. The 2010 results, however, remained strong by historical standards and were second only to the exceptional performance of 2009. On an underlying basis, adjusting for the Global Banking and Markets’ element of the disposal of the Insurance Brokers’ business in April 2010 and the disposal of Eversholt Rail Group in December 2010, profit before tax was ? 1,699 million, 32 per cent lower than 2009. Revenues slowed in 2010, due to less favorable market conditions caused by the impact of the European sovereign debt crisis and the anticipated lower revenues in Balance Sheet Management. Operating expenses included a ? 207 million charge from the one-off UK and French bonus and payroll taxes applied on certain 2009 bonus payments. DATA GATHERING: Financial Statements: HSBC Bank plc cash flow statement for the year ended 31 December 2010 2010 2009 ? m ? m Cash flows from operating activities Profit before tax . 3,396 2,967 Adjustments for: – Non-cash items included in profit before tax . 7 2,215 3,126 – Change in operating assets 37 (5,523) 14,404 – Change in operating liabilities.. 37 28,734 – Elimination of exchange differences1 1,189) 377 (2, 6564) – Net gain from investing activities (329) (535) – Contributions paid to defined benefit plans.. (1,933) (236) – Tax paid. (674) (461) Net cash (used in)/generated from operating activities.. 24,697 (6,900) Cash flows from investing activities Purchase of financial investments. 27,066) (31,309) Proceeds from the sale of financial investments .. 14,849 50,482 Purchase of property, plant and equipment. (316) (312) Proceeds from the sale of property, plant and equipment.. 5 791 Purchase of goodwill and intangible assets (163) (133) Net cash outflow from acquisition of and increase in stake of associates – (16) Proceeds from disposal of associates . 188 Net cash generated from/(used in) investing activities (12,689) 19,691 Cash flows from financing activities Issue of ordinary share capital.. – 2,776 Net cash outflow from acquisition of and increase in stake of subsidiaries.. (442) – Subordinated loan capital issued 633 – Dividends paid.. (1,868) (1,067) Net cash generated from financing activities (1,677) 1,709

Some argue that outsourcing should not be followed because it export Assignment

Some argue that outsourcing should not be followed because it export jobs overseas Under what circumstances outsourcing should be followed, if any - Assignment Example In the recent developments in technology, firms may outsource so as to ensure the presence of an individual with technological expertise within its workforce. This can result in promoting technological spillover effects thus increasing the output of the workforce. The need for quality improvement can call for outsourcing. This happens when companies seek to bring on board experts who are already performing in other organizations. If an organization does all of its work itself, its work may consume too much time and finances. The quality improvement arises as a result of using different expertise from an external workforce (entrepreneur.com). This mostly features in management consulting where the management consultants advise the company on strategies of increasing its efficiency and product quality. Unavailability of resources, in terms of the skilled workforce, money or even raw materials for the production process. Shortage of a skilled workforce in a given country necessitate outsourcing to take place for efficiency and increased output to be achieved. Finally, the security issue of the data or information may call for outsourcing since some of it has to be handled with great care

Theories of Ethnicity and Nationalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Theories of Ethnicity and Nationalism - Essay Example She writes: â€Å"The two postwar periods of intense affirmation of ethnic categories in personal, social, cultural and political life were both unexpected. Indeed, in some quarters, re-attachment to the culture and community of birth was seen as a mistake of history. This is because of four distinct but, in this respect, converging processes which marked the world order immediately after the end of World War II: first, the process of de-colonisation and development in Asia and Africa; second, the process of integration in Europe; third, the process of expansion and entrenchment of Soviet communism; and fourth, the creation, in 1945, of the United Nations out of the ashes of the League of Nations. These great transformations were expected to create social conditions in which ethnicity and its related phenomenon, nationalism, would be superseded by more 'modern', universalistic, rational, civic or class-based forms of human identification, striving and association and by internationa l or transnational forms of human governance.† (Epstein, 2009) Following this, the important factors to note in post-war concepts of ethnicity are that nationalism and ethnicity had joined with fascism in the regimes of Germany, Italy, and Japan and this is largely credited with the aggression that fueled WWII. There is a perceived inherent danger of fanaticism in the fusion of identity politics and nationalism with ethnicity that led many to conclude that such belief was a â€Å"mistake of history†. (Epstein, 2009) However, in each instance where Leoussie cites popular expectation academically and popularly for a rejection of ethnicity in favor of international institutions or class-based structures of identity, historical evolution has proved that it did not in fact occur as expected. From this, Leoussie suggests that there are a number of â€Å"backlashes,† that occur in post-war academia that transform the way theories of ethnicity are posited in sociology pa rticularly, but also in related fields of anthropology, history, linguistics, psychology, etc. The four converging processes cited by Leoussie in the post-war era contain innumerable examples where theories of ethnicity and nationalism were proved false by subsequent historical development. In the first instance of de-colonisation in Asia and Africa, it is inevitable that liberation process and creation of new national identity would give birth to a stronger patriotic spirit in the indigenous population. However, many of the colonial areas were Western border constructions and the ethnic mix of the indigenous population contained innumerable different tribal groups, for example as in India, leading to further fragmentation of national identity on ethnic and religious lines, as in the partition of Pakistan and Bangladesh. The Socialist and Communist elements of national liberation struggles clearly expected the new identity to be based on class-consciousness and not ethnicity, and th is is replicated in the Soviet example in which innumerable ethnic minorities were repressed. Leoussie cites European integration post-war as a process despite the fact that the continent was divided during the Cold War because the division was on the ideological grounds of communism vs. capitalism rather than based on traditional

Application Questions Essay Example for Free

Application Questions Essay 1. The first stage is Bodily Self. In this stage, infants become aware of their own existence and distinguish their own bodies from objects in the environment (Schultz Schultz 2009). Monica has a sense of humor. She often feels frustrated as she takes care of her children and loses her temper. She is able to joke about her fatigue later. The next stage is Self-identity. Children realize that their identity remains intact despite the many changes that are taking place. Monica is 38 years old stay at home mother of four children. The third stage is Self-esteem. Children learn to take pride in their accomplishments (Schultz Schultz 2009). Monica is insecure about not having attended college. She doesn’t think of herself as unintelligent, but sees herself as uneducated and defers to others with a better education. The fourth stage is Extension of self. In this stage, children come to recognize the object and people that are part of their own world. Monica is a good mother and a mother of fourth. She takes care of her children’s physical and emotional needs. The fifth stage is Self-image. Children develop actual and idealized images of themselves and their behavior and become aware of satisfying parental expectations (Schultz Schultz 2009). Monica is aware of the fact that she looks intimidating and angry. She is self-conscious of her frown lines. The sixth stage is Self as rational coper. Children begin to apply reason and logic to the solution of everyday problems (Schultz Schultz 2009). Clutter and messiness bothers her. She cleans the two bathrooms every day, vacuums, dusts, picks up toys, and so forth. The final stage is Propriate striving. In this stage young people begin to formulate long-range goals and plans (Schultz Schultz 2009). Monica is considering going back to school to earn an associate’s degree in Legal Business Studies and becoming a legal assistant. 2. Cardinal traits are the most perverse and powerful human trait (Schultz Schultz 2009). These traits dominate a person’s behavior and ruling passion. Central traits are the handful of outstanding traits that describe a person’s behavior (Schultz Schultz 2009). These traits describe our behavior. The secondary traits are the least important traits which a person may display inconspicuously and inconsistently (Schultz Schultz 2009). Only a close friend may recognize these traits. Monica’s has a large amount  of central traits. Her friends describe her as being fiercely loyal, supportive, and talkative. She is also a perfectionist and neurotic about cleaning. 3. The functional autonomy propose that the motive of a mature, emotionally health adults are not functionally connected to the prior experiences in which they initially appeared (Schultz Schultz 2009). An addictive behavior that Monica has is that she tries to keep her house spotless. She cleans the two bathrooms every day, vacuums, dusts, picks up toys, and so forth. She is neurotic about cleaning. 4. Prorim is a term for the ego or self (Schultz Schultz 2009). It seems as if Monica understands who she is as a unique individual. Monica’s cleaning, need for order, and ability to laugh at herself helps aid in her individuality. 5. Propriate striving is when young people begin to formulate long-range goals and plans (Schultz Schultz 2009).Her goals is to go back to school to get an associate’s degree in Legal Business Studies and become a legal assistant after all her children are in middle school. She is also able to accept her feelings of frustration as she takes care of her kids and her forgetfulness. Theory Comparison Questions 1. Allport criteria for mental health, is that he believed that mature adults have a unifying philosophy or a set of values. These values help give a purpose to their life. They apply propriate self-extension to their friends, family, hobbies, and work. A healthy personality is made up of compassionate and loving relationships. The compassionate and loving relationship has to be free of possessiveness and jealousy. Emotional security and self acceptance is another criteria. Mature individuals can sustain all the frustrations of life that can’t be avoided without losing their position and giving into to self-pity. Mature individuals have a realistic orientation towards themselves and others. They can economic survive without becoming defensive. The final thing is that they have  developed an accurate self insight their desirable and disagreeable qualities. 2. Allport’s propriate striving is believed to be the core problem for adolescents. The adolescent selects goals that they want to obtain for an occupation or any other life goal. They realize that their future must entail them following a plan and they lose their childhood. Jung believed that self-realization is the balance between various opposing forces of personality. It is list of opposites such as introverted and extraverted, rational and irrational, conscious and unconscious , and past events and future expectations. Maslow self-actualization is the fullest development of the self (Schultz Schultz 2009). A person is able to able to grow towards achieving their highest needs in life. Self-actualization depends on the maximum realization and fulfillment of our potentials, talents, and abilities. If the person is not self-actualizing, he or she will be restless frustrated, and discontent (Schultz Schultz 2009). Rogers believe that individuals can accomplish their goals, wishes and desires. If this is done this is self realization. Rogers wanted to integrate the real self and the ideal self. When these two combine, the fully functioning person emerges. 3. The proprium is a term developed for the self or ego. This includes the aspects of the personality that are distinctive and thus appropriate to our emotional state. Before he proprium begins to emerge, the infant experiences no self consciousness, and no awareness of self. The proprium will develop gradually and steadily, and the child will achieve positive psychological growth. Rogers believe that the self develops through interaction with others. Rogers believes that the concept of self is present when the child is born. Reference Ashcraft, D. M. (2012). Personality theories workbook (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Schultz, D. P., Schultz, S. E. (2009). Theories of personality (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.