Classroom Behavior Essay

Each extraordinary homeroom has various standards and conduct settings in their study halls. The environment of the study hall has a great deal to do with understudy conduct. The setting of the study hall ought to be speaking to the educator and now and again the understudies. All educators should tell understudies explicit do’s and don’ts of the homeroom. Which practices are normal or wanted and which won't go on without serious consequences in the class, Ms. Colombara? s rules are reasonable and deferential to the class. They demand of no food and beverages in the homeroom yet some of the time the educator twists the standards and lets understudies rapidly crunch down an orange or a little granola bar. During the study hall break remain in the class and by no means leave the homeroom without your understudy handbook with you. Positively no employments of swear words in the study hall yet some are utilized when the class is doing readings from books. Treat any educators available to come in to work a similar regard, as you would treat a customary staff at Sullivan Heights Secondary. One of the guidelines Ms. Colombara likes to knag at kids is to not to eat or savor the study hall. No one accuses her in light of the fact that there could be a few spills or morsels on the ground and no instructor likes to go as a janitor toward the finish of the class and get garbage left by the understudies in the homeroom. The educator likewise doesn? t like gum or any sort of sweets in light of the fact that at some point kids leave the gum underneath the work area and that is awful and net. Likewise a few understudies like to put the gum on the ground and when a kindred understudy strolls with over it, it sticks underneath their shoe and it? s an agony to tidy up. She will possibly permit water just in the event that it? s in a fixed jug like a water bottle or a Gatoradeâ ® bottle, something that has a top on it so on the off chance that it gets knock off the work area nothing will spill. Another standard Ms. Colombara has that no foul language or some other wrong conduct in the homeroom. No foul language ought to be utilized against another individual from the class. In the event that understudies do this they will procure them programmed investment in ? Friday? s after school composing challenge meeting also.? In the event that the utilization of foul language is brutal and upsetting the understudy could be sent to the workplace with a referral and a call home to the guardians. Likewise instruct T. O. C. with a similar regard you would too some other educator. It? s not reasonable for a T. O. C to go to a school and being irritated or exploited by the understudies. During the week after week twofold square in Sullivan Heights Secondary, there is a short ten-minute break that the instructor permits understudies to get a much needed refresher or simply stretch and stroll around. While the ten-minute break is in process, understudies are than as a rule permitted to go to the bathroom and go for a beverage if necessary. At no occasions throughout the break and normal time is an understudy allowed to leave the class without marking the understudy handbook by the educator. No understudy can meander the school premises. On the off chance that an understudy chooses to leave when the have a T. O. C. than the understudy will be rebuffed and need to compose a 500 word paper on Appropriate Classroom Behaviors. In the event that the understudy continues leaving class without handbook there could be a chance of losing his/her break period. Taking everything into account, Ms. Colombara? s rules are reasonable and are ideal for the homeroom. She permits no food or beverages in the homeroom. Regard individual colleagues, the educator, and yourself by tuning in to anyone that? s talking at that point. Ensure that you never at any point exploit T. O. C. or then again any educators at the school. Ms. Colombara? s rules are incredible and on the off chance that you wear? t obey them you will be managed genuine results.

Individual Assignment Owners Free Essays

At the point when the association gives the stock to its merchants, it gets certain money related responsibility as their uncial duty, and this is known as the paid-in-capital. This sort of monetary duty isn't created from the elements of the association yet it is the undesirable over the standard value of the stock which the dealers are happy to pay for the stock they get from the organization. In this manner it is the sum remunerated in on the budgetary duty stock by the stock proprietors to the association. We will compose a custom exposition test on Singular Assignment Owners or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now It along these lines represents the Investors speculation methodologies, while the increased budgetary responsibility Is the money related duty which Is accumulated from the income of the association. Subsequently It Is exceptionally fundamental for the association to partitioned these two kinds of monetary responsibility to guarantee the dealers about the elements of the association and Its prosperity. It is the undistributed profit which keeps on being with the organization (Skies, Wastage, Warfield, 2007). Paid-in or Earned Capital A financial specialists choice to burn through cash on any organization/firm depends on the capacity of the organization to deliver progressing income flow and achievement, the arrangement about the outcomes and the development plans of the organization. The increased monetary responsibility is created from the elements of the association and it is utilized to settle up the advantages with respect to both money and stock. It likewise shows the accomplishment of the association increasing further money related duty with respect to the merchants. While the paid-in budgetary duty Is just the undesirable over the standard value which keeps on being set not causing the advantages because of the brokers. Henceforth the increased money related responsibility Is more basic to the merchant than the paid-in-capital (Scott, 2003). Fundamental or Watered down Income per Share Earnings per examine of the run of the mill stock are known as Primary profit. They are proprietors by overwhelming normal assortment of stocks which are great at sufficient opportunity (Skies, Wastage, Warfield, 2007). Weakened profit per talk about are reports showing the assortment of stocks remaining the examine, ought to get, suggested stock and sports convertible ties are worked out. The weakened profit per talk about take the standard income higher by one stage. The assortment of stocks could improve at any model reason for the convertibility of a few or all the speculation techniques, diminishing the business’s profit which the individual talk about is qualified. This expands the rate between the expense and the profit causing the stock to show up progressively costly. It is a run of the mill practice that the associations issue sports convertible suggested stocks, sports convertible ties or ought to get and the proprietors of these gear appreciate the privilege of convertibility of their suggested stock or ties into loads of the run of the mill stock at a set expense and they can buy the stock at a referenced expense. The weakened PEPS are picked up by the profiting associations just while the associations which have disappointments, audit just fundamental PEPS, as the weakens speculation methodologies would just survey an enhance the miserable that is the net disappointments uncovered would improve. The value of weakened PEPS is constantly decreased than essential value and is increasingly fitting in budgetary responsibility decisions, since it demonstrates to some degree a most pessimistic scenario circumstance. A merchant would absolutely pick the weakened profit to the standard income, as the previous represents the exhibition combination, which is utilized for the measurement of the nature of the business’s income per talk about (PEPS). The most effective method to refer to Individual Assignment Owners, Papers

Know Money, Win Money! Episode 14 Winter Brewfest

Know Money, Win Money! Episode 14 Winter Brewfest Know Money, Win Money! Episode 14: Winter Brewfest Know Money, Win Money! Episode 14: Winter BrewfestChug! Chug! Chug! Chug! Here at Know Money, Win Money, we work hard, but we also make a responsible amount of time for partying, like when we recently visited Winter Brewfest at the DANK Haus German cultural center.There were brewers from all around Chicago offering samplings of their creations. Lagers, stouts, and IPAs of every sort flowed freely. As did the questions. Questions about the money side of the beer business that could provide cash to anyone who answered them correctly.Or at least, anyone we heard answering them correctly. It was a little loud.Do you know what the most popular beer in America is? Some of the people we asked knew WHAZZZZAAAAP. Some of the people we asked were up for whatever. Some of the people we asked were… dilly, dilly. Are these hints helping you out yet?That’s right, it’s Bud Light. And it’s not even close. Bud Light sells almost twice as many bottles as Coors Light, the next closest competit or. Up until recently, straight up Budweiser had the third spot, but now Miller Lite has knocked it out of there.For our next question, we asked which country drinks the most beer per capita. Is it the United States? Although we love our beer, we don’t even crack the top ten.It must be Germany then, right? Germans are so serious about their beer, theyve even had special beer purity laws for centuries. Or at least we think it’s centuries. We aren’t going to check. But it’s not Germany either! It’s the Czech Republic. We’re already planning our trip!We hope that episode left you refreshed. We’ll see you next time!Episode 13: Con Alt DeleteEpisode 12: One of a Kind MarketEpisode 11: Christkindlmarket Pt. IIWhere would you like to see us go in future episodes? We want to hear from you! You can  email us, or you can find us on  Facebook  and  TwitterVisit OppLoans on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedIN

Gwendolyn Brooks The Modernist Poet - 1961 Words

Gwendolyn Brooks the Modernist Gwendolyn Brooks’ poetry discusses real issues that have occur in the nineteenth century and twentieth century. Also, she wrote poetry differently than it is consistently written. As a matter of fact, Brooks is a modernist poet which means she was a part of the modernism period. The modernism is a time period where writers like Brooks would use ideas and methods to write literature variously than it was ordinarily written in that time. Therefore, Gwendolyn’s poetry affiliates with modernism because she used European and African American traditions to discuss about feminism, racial injustice, intraracial gang violence, and interracial violence that were happening in the world. In light of, being an African American woman Brooks wrote her poetry using European and African American traditions. After all, this was totally divergent from what people were used to in that time period. Especially, coming from an African American woman. Also, Brooks attend four school while growing up, and these schools helped Brooks form a profound insight on racial acts that she emulated in her poetry. Not to mention, Brooks had the honor to meet Langston Hughes, and James Weldon Johnson who inspired her to write modern poetry. Brooks won varies awards for her modern poetry that dealt with real issues. Brooks’ readers can tell by the way she spoke that she was very for equality of the race, genders, and classes. Brooks’ states, â€Å"We are each other s magnitude andShow MoreRelatedWho is Gwendoyn Brooks?1017 Words   |  5 PagesGwendolyn Brooks was one of the many great writers. In her early poetry, Brooks attacked racial discrimination, praised African American heroes, and satirized booth blacks and whites. She showed great mastery of classic and Modernist poetic techniques. Gwendolyn Brooks was born on June 7,1917 in Topeka, Kansas. She grew up in the Chicago community called Bronzeville (Brooks 1). Gwendolyn Brooks parents was David and Kiziah Brooks. Her mother was a school teacher. Gwendolyns father wasRead MoreAfrican American And The Harlem Renaissance1879 Words   |  8 Pagesincluding Symphony in Black in 1934, and Jump for Joy in 1941. While the renaissance built on earlier traditions of African American culture, it was profoundly affected by trends like primitivism in European and white American artistic circles. Modernist primitivism was inspired majorly by Freudian psychology, but it tended to praise â€Å"primitive† people as indulging in a more direct relationship with the natural world and to elements of human desires rather than â€Å"over civilized† white people. â€Å"It

The Great Gatsby And The Death Of A Salesman - 1427 Words

In both The Great Gatsby and The Death of a Salesman, the pursuit of the American Dream is a destructive force that is evident throughout the texts because neither Gatsby nor Willy understand their own limitations. Willy Loman and Gatsby are characters fascinated and easily dominated by the American dream that destroys them. Their dreams come from an illusionary past and that are both based outside of their own selves. Gatsby wanted to rewind to his past, while Willy attempted to create a descent one. The lack of control for their dreams caused a huge downfall for Loman and Gatsby in their roles as characters in their respective stories. Almost everyone has dreams once in their lifetime to be successful and great. As it is almost human nature to have or be something that they are not. Both novels share a similarity, the search for the glorious ‘American Dream†. The pursuit of this highly sought out idea not only chases these characters to push forward, but in many cases drives Willy and Gatsby over the edge of their own sanity and to their unexpected deaths. This makes it seem as if this â€Å"dream† is this evil thought that betrays their own minds to successfully achieve living comfortably and being well liked. Making this pursuit almost dangerous. Dealing with a great doubt, and delusions for whoever seeks it, the dangers behind following your dreams are real indeed, even for these two characters that showed bravery throughout. These doubts and illusions play a ratherShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby And The Death Of A Salesman1328 Words   |  6 PagesWithin these two stories, The Great Gatsby and The Death of a Salesman, there are numerous similarities and differences amongst the protagonist characters in the stories: Jay Gatsby, a well-off, aristocratic man who throws immense parties in order to satisfy his desires of finding the girl and Willy, a father who has flashbacks that distort his vision of the truth and his vision to success. The â€Å"American Dream† is the â€Å"dream† that all Americans are granted the same chance to attain their life goalsRead MoreThe Great Gatsby And Death Of A Salesman1241 Words   |  5 Pagesambition has been so prevalent in literature. It is the dominant theme in The Great Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald, William Shakespeare s Macbeth, Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller and The Wolf of Wall Street by Jordan Belfort. In this essay, I will discuss the two w ays over ambition can cause an individual s downfall. The first is setting unattainable goals which we can see in The Great Gatsby and Death of a Salesman. The second is trying to achieve your goals unethically, seen in Macbeth andRead MoreThe Great Gatsby and Death of a Salesman913 Words   |  4 Pagesand success of the men she is with. She floats to wherever the money is. Her happiness comes from money which is why she left Gatsby for Tom when Gatsby could no longer support her financial needs. Many components in the american dream that were desired in the 1920s and exemplified in The Great Gatsby carried over into the 1950s and shown in Arthur Millers Death Of A Salesman. The american dream from the perspective of 1950 America includes many similar characteristics contained in the 1920sRead MoreThe Great Gatsby And Death Of A Salesman1834 Words   |  8 Pagesthe three excerpts The Catcher in the Rye, The Great Gatsby, and Death of a Salesman could interpret this. The three excerpts have been shown to be a base for â€Å"the American Dream,† or basic â€Å"Alienation,† but to look deeper into the source at hand and their distinct features; the clear status of showing the reader how corrupt society can be. The way these three novels have set the stages for corruption and it s ongoing timeline that leads to either death or being pushed into a mental hospital. Of courseRead MoreComparing The Great Gatsby And Death Of A Salesman915 Words   |  4 PagesIn both, The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald and Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller, the main characters Jay Gatsby and Willy Loman manifest themselves in their illusions of success and popularity and are unable to face their bitter realities. Within both texts, this idea of false perceived success is portrayed. First, the character Gatsby creates an illusion of success by lying about his source of wealth. He does not want anyone to realize that he is not actually successful and has reliedRead MoreDeath of a Salesman Compared to the Great Gatsby Essay613 Words   |  3 PagesComparing Death of a Salesman to The Great Gatsby In the search for the American dream many things can be lost, this is reflected in the novel The Great Gatsby and the movie Death of a Salesman. Both of these works demonstrate the lengths that some people will go to in order to achieve the stereotypical life of a rich, successful and powerful American, which is often referred to as the American dream. Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller illustrates how the character Willy will stop at nothing toRead MoreThe American Dream in Death of a Salesman and The Great Gatsby1238 Words   |  5 PagesSociety once was based on truth, passion, and liberty for all but now is a mere illusion, focusing on money, power and how to reach it; portraying materialism and wealth as the â€Å"American Dream† and self-actualization, as portrayed by Miller in Death of a Salesman. The American Dream came to mean fame and fortune, instead of a promise that shaped a nation. (David Kamp, Vanity Fair) This so- called dream has done incredible damage to our companies and corporations in America. As economic success andRead MoreSurvival Guide : The Great Gatsby, And Death Of A Salesman1796 Words   |  8 PagesChristine Powroznik English Final Exam: Survival Guide Pursuit of Happyness, Dead Poet’s Society, The Great Gatsby, Death of a Salesman 1) The American Dream The Great Gatsby: The American dream is a chance to start a new life in a new setting. In this book, Gatsby’s American dream was Daisy. Once he met her, he devoted his life to pleasing her: he bought the mansion across the bay from her, had extravagant parties, etc. He always held onto his hope, or the green light, that he would win herRead MoreAmerican Dream Derailed in The Great Gatsby and Death of a Salesman1486 Words   |  6 PagesScott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, and Arthur Miller’s drama, Death of a Salesman, both protagonists, Jay Gatsby and Willy Loman, are convinced that the way to achieve a better life is by living the â€Å"American dream†. However, the dream does not end up successfully for these two characters. In fact, their ideals and hopes of rising to success cause their American dream to take a turn into a nightmare. Although it may seem as if F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby is portraying a romanticRead More Comparing the Perversion of Values in The Great Gatsby and Death of a Salesman1642 Words   |  7 PagesPerversion of Values in The Great Gatsby and Death of a Salesman      Ã‚   Throughout History there are many examples of perversions, from sexual, social to the very morals themselves. One of the greatest examples is the continuous corruption of the American Dream. As the Dream evolves, it tends to conform to the illicit dealings of the time and immortals of society. No longer is an individual interested in working hard to achieve goals, it is desirous of the quick fix. Society wants its wishes

Leisure Activities - 1499 Words

Research Report Leisure activities Abstract Leisure activities play a significant role in daily life of overseas students who have heavy burden of study. The purpose of this study was dissect the attitude of international students for leisure activities and examined the reason why they changed their leisure activities after coming to Australia. A questionnaire was designed collectively and distributed to fifty students from the UWS College. The findings indicated that majority of international students chose to do indoor activities instead of outdoor activities after coming to Australia. In addition, students spent less time doing leisure activities in Australia compared to their home country. Future studies should include a wide sample†¦show more content†¦Results 50 international students took part in this survey about leisure activities, which included 20 males and 30 females. The majority of respondents came from Asian countries (98%). The age of the sample was mainly between 21 to 25 years by 60%. Fig1: Types of leisure-time activities [pic]Figure 1 compares the types of leisure activities in Australia and in home country. Overall, 22% students did some sport in leisure time and 32% students had some entertainment activities in Australia. It was similar to students who live in home country. On the other hand, there is an eightfold decrease in the number of students who chose to meet with friends between home country and Australia. 42% students chose to stay at home in Australia while only 6% students elected that in home country. Fig2: The factors which make students to change their leisure activities Figure 2 illustrates that the reason of students changed their leisure activities. More than 75% international students changed their leisure activities caused â€Å"Time† (27%) â€Å"Money† (23%) and â€Å"Study† (25%). In contrast, â€Å"Do not have friends to do leisure activities with† was represented by 3% for students. Fig3: The purpose of leisure activities [pic]Figure 3 highlights the percentage of purpose which students do leisure activitiesShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Leisure Activities On Leisure Pursuits1709 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Leisure is an important aspect of individuals’ daily lives that enhances life satisfaction, enriches mental and physical development, and improves relationships with family, friends, or significant others (Brightbill, 1961). In addition, Robert Stebbins (1992) created the concept of serious leisure to help explain how people dedicate their time and efforts towards their leisure and to explain the characteristics that reflect these participants’ seriousness in their leisure pursuits. ARead MoreBenefits Of Recreational Leisure Activities1191 Words   |  5 Pagesdo an activity, which benefits one’s body, soul and mind (Harnik, 2016). In addition, recreation is a healthy element of each individual’s own life. There are many advantages in participating in recreational activities, for instance, the promotion and support of one’s health. In Sentinel City, the members of the community can be observed taking part of recreational or leisure activities the c ity offers. In addition, there are also limited or lack of opportunities for recreational or leisure time inRead MoreFactors in Choosing Leisure Activities2041 Words   |  8 PagesLeisure is considered as time we spend on anything other than sleeping, working (studying for students is consider as working), and eating (White, 1955). Activities that an individual does in his leisure time are not because the necessity of that activity nor the duty of that person, and they for the purpose of making money, however they come from the from the responsibilities that are owed to individual’s family, society, politics, and so on, which are done for free in order to satisfy ones selfRead MoreSocial Lives are Generated by Leisure Activities Essay1076 Words   |  5 Pages Social lives start and finish with leisure activity. Leisure activity starts social lives because it generates the time that can be spent to engage in recreational time or leisure time. Furthermore, an individualâ₠¬â„¢s activity does not have to be a group activity it can be a solo activity because when the individual is not with friends or families the activity that their doing will be because of a certain socio-cultural factor. Therefore, an individual will workout because of the gender identity andRead MoreImpact of Sociology and Psychology Factors on Leisure/Tourism Activity2296 Words   |  10 Pagesdefining the meaning of leisure, though it is essential the participation of recreational activities free from any other obligations or responsibilities (Lynch Veal 2006, p. 25). The issues statement provided for discussion through this essay is: â€Å"Australian governments, industry bodies and organizations work to promote leisure participation through a range of event, sport, tourism or hospitality experiences. All individuals have the opportunity to participate in these leisure experiences and canRead MoreLeisure And Stress Management : A Correlation Study Of Social Activities851 Words   |  4 PagesLeisure and Stress Management : A Correlation Study of Social Activities and Stress Levels in College Students. Stress is a state of mental tension that is very familiar in present-day society. It is a topic that is much debated in media coverage, and has been associated with significant impacts on both mental and physical wellbeing (Iwasaki, 2003). While the repercussions of stress are well-established field of research in the health and social fields, research in stress management and the differentRead MoreAnalyze the Differences in Leisure Activities Shown in the Two Paintings, and Reflect About the Social Life of Peasants (the Peasant Dance) and of Urban Dwellers in the 19th Century (Sunday Afternoon on the Island of the Grande Jatte).1081 Words   |  5 PagesAnalyze the differences in leisure activities shown in the two paintings, and reflect about the social life of peasants (The Peasant Dance) and of urban dwellers in the 19th century (Sunday Afternoon on the Island of the Grande Jatte). Thesis: Since the beginning of the 19th century Europe began to experience rapid changes in culture and society. Many of the effects from the Industrial Revolution paved the way for new industries to be created. Between the creation of The Peasants Dance to whenRead MoreTourism Is A Popular Leisure Activity880 Words   |  4 PagesTourism has become a popular leisure activity. However, tourism also contributes to global carbon dioxide emissions. Even though tourism is a form for people to relax, escape and enjoy. Tourism can potentially produce pollution to the environment, especially increasing human activities to a traveling destination that was not frequented from tourism. There are times that when a travelling destination grows rapidly, traveling hosts mostly just focus on the economic growth from tourism rather than environmentalRead MorePompeii and Herculaneum Leisure Activities3640 Words   |  15 PagesPompeii and Herculaneum: Leisure Activities For each Ive chosen one main source, and gathered a variety of other sources to help explain and reinforce it further. I find that one source (particularly buildings alone) are not enough to base all of the information on, and you gain a more comprehensive understanding by combining them. Entertainment was essential to daily life in Ancient Rome.   According to Juvenal1, it seemed that all Romans were interested in was bread and circuses,   and withRead MoreThe Impact Of Sports On Sports And Leisure Activities1178 Words   |  5 PagesSection A Introduction Despite it being 2015, there are still many ongoing barriers which are preventing many people of all ages, races, genders and social backgrounds from participating in sports and leisure activities. Economically, some sports are just completely unviable to people from certain backgrounds. Sports such as Polo are completely exclusive to a certain class of people, due to the mass expenses required to get you started. Inner city families, some of whom may have a member of the

Business Management Several Provisions for Extrinsic Additional Facto

Question: Describe about the Several Provisions for Extrinsic Additional Factors for Business Management. Answer: Introduction Marriott International group of hotels is headquartered in Bethesda, Maryland in the United States, with more than 5,700 properties and operating in more than 110 countries. The total revenue of the selected company was observed to be $ 14 billion in the fiscal year 2015 (www.marriott.com. 2016). Objectives: The research aims to show the weakness in the HR management practices of Marriott International group of hotels. The main objectives of the research are listed below as follows: Analyses of the drawback of the HR practices of Marriott International group of hotels Motivational concerns among the employees of the company Implementation of HRM improvement process Rationale for the study The rationale for the study will explain the weakness in the recruitment process and increasing turnover of the organization. The research will also depicts the opportunities for better employee satisfaction and making necessary improvement in retaining of the employees hotel. Scope of the research The scope of the research will be based on studying the HR Practices in the selected organization. The limitations will be seen through the application of motivational theory such as Douglas McGregors X and Y theory and Maslows Hierarchy of Needs to study the reasons for the weakness prevailing in the motivation among the existing employees. The improvement process will be shown with the application of SWOT analysis of the collected information. The research will show both primary and secondary method for the data collection process. The report will be designed to analyze the findings based on graphical representation and charts. The latter part of the report will highlight the important issues for the weakness in the HR practices and the make the necessary recommendations and guidelines to improve the HR practices in the Marriott International group of hotels Questionnaires: The questions, which will be addressed in the research study, are stated below as follows: What are the issues concerning employees motivation and turnover at Marriott? What are the reasons for the weakness of HRM at Marriott? What are the developments, which can make to train and retain the present employees of the hotel? Literature Review According to Zhang, R et al. (2013), in the year, 1960 Douglas McGregor was known to propose a two-factor theory related to employee motivation. This theory was divided into two categories, namely theory X and theory Y. Theory X - The theory X employees are defined as those, who tend to avoid task and dislike the responsibilities assigned to them. The theory also stated that in order to promote effectiveness in work and motivation among employees the management needs to enforce the relevant rules and give punishments or take strict actions (Latham 2012). Theory Y - The theory Y of the motivational theory is directly related to the concept and contrast of the theory X. This theory states that the employees are internally motivated and they work better themselves. The theory further states that the employees do not need constant supervision of the management to stay motivated and perform better in the organization (Olkin and Marshall 2016). Hierarchy of Needs Theory According to Nordstrom and Renforth (2015), in the year 1943, Abraham Maslow proposed a theory consisting of five tiers to shape the motivation style in an organization. The theory suggested five different factors responsible for employee motivation; the theory further suggested that a company should look forward to move up the pyramid to ensure all the desired needs are met. The bottom of the pyramid consists of the physiological needs like sleep, shelter and food. The safety need is proposed to make up needs of second tier and third tier. The top of the pyramid included the need related to Esteem and self-actualization among the employees (Zavei and Jusan 2012). Figure 1: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (Source: Lester 2013) Strength, weakness, opportunities and threat (SWOT) analysis SWOT analysis is a planning tool to evaluate the four elements (Strength, weakness, opportunities and threat) of a particular business venture. The analysis can be performed on a product, person, company or a place. The overall analysis involves the process identifies the internal (Strengths and weakness) and the external (opportunities and threats) factors to achieve a specific objective (Suh 2014). Strength: It shows the characteristics of the business project, which shows the advantages of one policy or framework over others (Lin 2016). Weakness: This shows the characteristics of a particular place or a particular business venture, which shows the relative disadvantage in a particular project (Yu, Byun, and Lee 2014). Opportunities: These are elements, which a business should implement to exploit the areas of improvement in a particular venture. Threats: These are related to elements in the environment, which can possess trouble to a particular business or project (Lehr 2015). Figure 2: Model depicting SWOT analysis (Source: Hollensen 2015) Research Methodology The main objectives of the research process have been explained with the use of qualitative methods. This method explores the different types of idea behind the opinions, rationale and motivation behind the research data. The stages and description of the research methodology has been depicted with a diagram shown below as follow: Stages Description Identification of the data collection procedure 1) Primary data has been collected through conducting questionnaire from the employees of Marriott International group of hotels 2) Secondary data has been sourced from website of Marriott International group of hotels, books related to employee motivational theories and the management theories to overcome the relevant issues. Sources stating the secondary data 1) Internal sources of the secondary information have been collected from the annual report of Marriott International group of hotels. 2) External sources range from the books related to motivational theories, Newspaper, articles and company website Means of collection for different types of the primary data The primary data has been collected in form of interviews from the employees and managers of Marriott International group of hotels. Consideration of the Sampling Frame The main sampling frame has been taken through the employer and managers of the company. Size of the sample The sample size consists of a total of 2 Managers and 2 employees of Marriott International group of hotel Data Analysis procedure The data analysis has been done based on the qualitative analysis procedure Resources The resources are seen in form of the implementation of Time, Personnel and various types Financial requirements Milestones for the Improvement process Description Timeframe Identification of the HR issues at Marriott International 12.11.2016- 16.11.2016 Identification of factors for motivation of the employees 16.01.2017-20.03.2017 Conducting the questionnaire process 21.03.2017-22.04.2017 Implementation of theory X and theory Y 23.04.2017-25.07.2017 Implementation of hierarchy of needs 26.08.2017-27.08.2017 Implementation of the improvement process 28.08.2017- 30.09.2017 Gantt chart showing the appropriate timeframe of the research specifications: Data analysis and findings Primary data analysis Theory X and Theory Y The analysis of the different types of the analysis of the weakness in the HRM practices clearly states that the employees at Marriott international has to go through authoritarian style of management where the work pressure is considerably high during the peak seasons and hence the lack work life balance. It can be observed that at present the management is following Theory X as a motivational tool for the employees. Hierarchy of Needs Theory The various responses collected from the participants shows that the employees at Marriott International group of hotel suffered mainly due to the love and belonging needs. These needs are directly relevant to the tier 3 needs of Maslows hierarchy of needs model. The responses collected from the interview clearly shows that the employee lack interpersonal and needs related to belongingness. The overall analysis clearly states that the employees at Marriott international group of hotel lacking terms of time for work life balance, friendship, intimacy and family. SWOT Analysis Strengths As per the responses given by both managers and employees at Marriott international reported, the main strength of the company is seen in form of financial benefits provided for our performance even during the peak seasons. The employees have a significant amount of extrinsic motivation within the organization Weakness The weakness is seen in form failure to inculcate intrinsic motivation. The weakness in human resource management is also seen in terms of increased amount of turnover among the employees. Poor training provided to the new joining employees is also seen as a weakness in the HRM. Opportunities The organization has shown several scopes of opportunities in terms of providing better training facilities and better facilities for emphasizing on social life of the employees. The company should also work on providing better health insurance benefit to the existing employees of the organization. Threats The main threats are seen in form of increased employee turnover rate if correctional measures are not taken at the earliest. The employees may also join other renowned hotels such as hotels such as Armani Hotel, Auberge du Soliel, Nobis hotel Stockholm and Ritz carlton. Secondary data analysis The secondary data analysis is based on website, books, annual report and journals is shown below as follows: Theory X and Theory Y Based on the various information collected from websites and journals it has been found that the company applies Theory X for deciding employee motivation. This is evident from the fact that the management is a significant role during the peak season by offering several performances and even bonus for better customer service and extension of services. Hierarchy of Needs Theory As per the model of hierarchy of needs, the company mainly lacks in the third tire, which is related to Love and belongingness needs. Several journals have stated that the most significant reason for increased employee turnover was due to lesser opportunities given to the Marriott employees for spending adequate time with their family members, which deprived them of work life balance. SWOT Analysis Strengths The strength of the Marriott Group of hotel lies in the high brand value of the company. It is also known for making several technological improvements in its current business process. Marriott International hotel has 5700 hotels and is situated in more than 110 countries all across the globe. The hotel is further known for having various ranges of the brands from attainable to aspiration related. Weakness The weakness of the company lies in lower employee motivation and the competition faced from the several hotels such as Belmond Ltd, Hyatt International, Eldorado resorts etc. The shares of the aforementioned companies have been found to be higher than the Marriott International group of hotels. Opportunities The main opportunity is seen in terms of providing better employee motivation and better amenities to the existing employees. The several types of the opportunities in the hospitality have been seen with then emerging markets dealing in similar line of the business. Threats The most noted threat includes the entry of several international brands along with the most established brands of hotels such as Armani Hotel, Auberge du Soliel, Nobis hotel Stockholm, Ritz Carlton, The Table Bay hotel. The present threat of then hotel industry also lies in the stagnant growth and competitive process in of the several groups of five start hotels on the world. Conclusion and recommendations The analysis conducted both on primary and secondary data clearly shows that although the company gave several provisions for extrinsic additional factors such as performance incentives, employee bonus and better financial growth, it significantly lacks in terms of providing intrinsic motivation to the employees. The company needs to adapt to the style of theory Y of motivation, which will involve lesser interference of the management and employees, will be able to perform freely and stay motivated in a better way. The organization should give the opportunity for recognizing intrinsic motivation among the existing employees. The company also needs to provide high quality training to the new joining employees so that they are able to get acquainted with the company policies and framework at a very initial stage. The human resource management practices should further ensure that the employees are given better facilities for health insurance and gave more number of leaves to the employe es so that they can fulfill their love and belonging needs as per stated by the hierarchy of needs theory. Reference list Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Latham, G.P., 2012.Work motivation: History, theory, research, and practice. Sage. Lehr, D.D., 2015. An analysis of the changing competitive landscape in the hotel industry regarding airbnb. Lester, D., 2013. Measuring Maslow's hierarchy of needs.Psychological reports,113(1). Lin, X., 2016.Strategy Analysis of a Boutique and Lifestyle Hotel: A SWOT Analysis(Doctoral dissertation, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona). Nordstrom, R.D. and Renforth, W., 2015. Hierarchy of Needs in Transition: A Theory of Business Motivation. InProceedings of the 1983 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 282-288). Springer International Publishing. Olkin, I. and Marshall, A.W., 2016.Inequalities: theory of majorization and its applications(Vol. 143). Academic press. Suh, J., 2014. Theory and reality of integrated riceduck farming in Asian developing countries: A systematic review and SWOT analysis.Agricultural Systems,125, pp.74-81. www.marriott.com. (2016).About Marriott Hotels | Marriott Corporate Business Information. [online] Available at: https://www.marriott.com/marriott/aboutmarriott.mi [Accessed 12 Nov. 2016]. Yu, Y., Byun, W.H. and Lee, T.J., 2014. Critical issues of globalisation in the international hotel industry.Current Issues in Tourism,17(2), pp.114-118. Zavei, S.J.A.P. and Jusan, M.M., 2012. Exploring Housing Attributes Selection based on Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,42, pp.311-319. Zhang, R., Liu, X., Shang, X., Cheng, C., Lu, Z. and Ma, Y., 2013, July. Quantitative simulation and qualitative analysis of theory X, Y and Z. InService Operations and Logistics, and Informatics (SOLI), 2013 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 215-219). IEEE.

Why I want to go to Reed College Essay Example For Students

Why I want to go to Reed College Essay How did you first become interested in Reed and why do youthink Reed might be an appropriate place, both socially andacademically, to continue your education?I could tell you a heartfelt, sentimental, poignant story about first seeing a ReedCollege refrigerator magnet (my uncle got it at a reunion, I think) and feeling first deepemotions stirring somewhere inside my spleen. Or I could meticulously paraphrase the numerous brochures and articles aboutYet another option would be to rent a small airplane and skywrite, I want togo to Reed, in colorful pollutants. And I probably would resort to one of these strategies, had I not some realincentives to attend Reed College. They are based on what I have learned from ThePrinceton Review, general knowledge, conversations I have overheard, and othermiscellaneous tidbits of information sent to me by friends and relatives. First of all, I must express my admiration to the people who have decided thateducation is, after all, the purpose and respon sibility of a college and established theprecedence of academics over sports at Reed college. Id like to attend a schoolwhere I, a debater, will not be viewed as a second-class citizen by football players. Secondly, the notoriety of great educational standards has reached me all theway in Vancouver (OK, so it is only across the river) and enticed, attracted, andurged me to apply to Reed. Rumors of the side effects of avalanches of homeworkand sleepless nights have crept here, too, but Im up to the challenge. After two yearsof juggling high school, college, and extracurricular activities, receiving assignmentsonly at one place just might be paradise. Lastly, Reeds geographical location is just like pretty wrapping paper and a bigred bow on a present thats already great ( forgive the allusions to the Haagen-Daszcommercials). Living in Portland, I would be simultaneously away from my family inVancouverand as close as I might need to be! Not only would I have theopportunity to become be tter acquainted with Portland, but also to judge at debatetournaments for my old high school! The possibilities are mouthwatering. Jokes aside, I believe that attending Reed will be one of the most sensiblethings I might do in my whole life. Learning is what I do best, and at Reed I will havethe perfect opportunity to excel at it. Bibliography: We will write a custom essay on Why I want to go to Reed College specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Hsbc Bank Analysis Essays

Hsbc Bank Analysis Essays Hsbc Bank Analysis Essay Hsbc Bank Analysis Essay HSBC (The Hong Kong Shanghai Banking Corporation): INTRODUCTION: HSBC is the world’s second-largest banking and financial services group. The origins of the bank lie in Hong Kong and Shanghai, where its branches were first open in 1865. Number of location is around 7,500 offices in 87 countries and territories; Only in united states it has more than 460 bank branches, 210. 000 shareholders, 300,000 staff, and approximately 128 million customers worldwide. Throughout the world among the multinational banking giants HSBC is one of the leading largest banking groups. A A Flock hart, Chairman since 1 January 2011 and a Director since July 2010. An executive Director of HSBC Holdings plc and Chairman, Europe, Middle East, Africa, Latin America and Commercial Banking, Joined HSBC in 1974. BACKGROUND: HSBC Private Bank is the marketing name for the private banking business, HSBC group has a significant presence in each of the world’s financial markets, with the America, Asia Pacific and Europe each representing one third of the business, with around 8,000 offices 87 countries and territories, 210,000 shareholders, 300,000 staff and 128 million customers worldwide, HSBC arguably has the most valuable place in multinational banking giants. As HSBC announces so many facilities to their customer, Retail Banking and Wealth Management were previously referred to as Personal Financial Services. This rename was announced during HSBCs 2011 Investor Day. Commercial bank also provides financial services to small, medium-sized and middle-market enterprises; the bank said it would be hiring at least 2,000 extra people in mainland China and Singapore over the next five years, as it seeks to tap the fast growing Asia Pacific market. HSBC was founded in Hong Kong and Shanghai in 1865 and the bank regards Asia as its most important region†. FINANCIAL SERVICES: * Customer’s Personal financial services. * Current and savings accounts. * Mortgage. * Car financing. * Insurance. * Credit cards. * Loans. * Pensions. * Investments. SPONSORSHIP: HSBC sponsors the Great Canadian Geography Challenge, which has had around 2 million participants in the past 12 years. Since 2001, HSBC has sponsored the Celebration of Light, an annual musical fireworks competition in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. In 2007 HSBC announced it would be a sponsor of the National Hockey Leagues Vancouver Canucks and Calgary Flames. HSBC has also sponsored a professional gaming team that was disbanded late 2007. HSBC sponsored the 2009 British and Irish Lions tour to South Africa. GLOBAL SERVICE CENTER: HSBC develops global technology centre in Pacific Asia for HSBC group, the main theme is to lower cost economies in order to reduce the cost of providing services in developed and well economical countries. UK Retail Banking: The UK Personal Financial Services business continues, To build its position as a leading provider of financial Services to mass affluent customers in the UK through, The Premier and Advance propositions. The UK Commercial Banking strategy is to be: the ‘Leading International Business’ bank, using HSBC’s extensive geographical network together With product expertise in payments, trade, Receivables finance and foreign exchange to actively support customers who are trading and investing across borders; and the best bank for small and medium-sized Enterprises (‘SMEs’) in target markets, building global scale and creating efficiencies by sharing systems and best practice, including customer experience, training and product offerings, and selectively applying a direct banking model. DEPTH OF ANALYSIS: Consolidated income statement for the year ended 31 December 2010 20102009 ?m ? m Interest income . 11,110 12,643 Interest expense (3,416) (4,552) Net interest income ,694 8,091 Fee income 5,310 5,560 Fee expense (1,271) (1,483) Net fee income . 4,040 4,077 Trading income excluding net interest income . ,210 970 Net interest income on trading activities.. 901 1,656 Net trading income.. 2,117 2,626 Net income from financial instruments designated at fair value.. 276 543 Gains less loss from financial investments.. 537 (73) Dividend income 8 29 Net earned insurance premiums .. 42,635 2,716 Other operating income 782 1,093 Total operating income 18,090 19,102 Net insurance claims incurred and movement in liabilities to policyholders (3,023) (3,540) Net operating income before loan impairment charges and other credit risk Provisions 15,076 15,562 Loan impairment charges and other credit risk provisions (1,951) (3,364) Net operating income . 13,125 12,198 Employee compensation and benefits. (4,961) (4,452) General and administrative expenses 3,536) (3,114) Depreciation and impairment of property, plant and equipment.. (460) (482) Amortization and impairment of intangible assets. (162) (150) Total operating expenses.. (9,119) (8,198) Operating profit . ,006 4,000 Share of profit in associates and joint ventures . 5 14 Profit before tax . 4,011 4,014 Tax expense (996) (856) Profit for the year ,015 3,158 Profit attributable to shareholders of the parent company 2, 654 3,092 Profit attributable to non-controlling interests 56 66 2010 compared with 2009: Overview: Global Banking and Markets reported a pre-tax profit of ? 1,876 million in the period compared with ? 2,511 million in 2009, a decrease of 25 per cent. The 2010 results, however, remained strong by historical standards and were second only to the exceptional performance of 2009. On an underlying basis, adjusting for the Global Banking and Markets’ element of the disposal of the Insurance Brokers’ business in April 2010 and the disposal of Eversholt Rail Group in December 2010, profit before tax was ? 1,699 million, 32 per cent lower than 2009. Revenues slowed in 2010, due to less favorable market conditions caused by the impact of the European sovereign debt crisis and the anticipated lower revenues in Balance Sheet Management. Operating expenses included a ? 207 million charge from the one-off UK and French bonus and payroll taxes applied on certain 2009 bonus payments. DATA GATHERING: Financial Statements: HSBC Bank plc cash flow statement for the year ended 31 December 2010 2010 2009 ? m ? m Cash flows from operating activities Profit before tax . 3,396 2,967 Adjustments for: – Non-cash items included in profit before tax . 7 2,215 3,126 – Change in operating assets 37 (5,523) 14,404 – Change in operating liabilities.. 37 28,734 – Elimination of exchange differences1 1,189) 377 (2, 6564) – Net gain from investing activities (329) (535) – Contributions paid to defined benefit plans.. (1,933) (236) – Tax paid. (674) (461) Net cash (used in)/generated from operating activities.. 24,697 (6,900) Cash flows from investing activities Purchase of financial investments. 27,066) (31,309) Proceeds from the sale of financial investments .. 14,849 50,482 Purchase of property, plant and equipment. (316) (312) Proceeds from the sale of property, plant and equipment.. 5 791 Purchase of goodwill and intangible assets (163) (133) Net cash outflow from acquisition of and increase in stake of associates – (16) Proceeds from disposal of associates . 188 Net cash generated from/(used in) investing activities (12,689) 19,691 Cash flows from financing activities Issue of ordinary share capital.. – 2,776 Net cash outflow from acquisition of and increase in stake of subsidiaries.. (442) – Subordinated loan capital issued 633 – Dividends paid.. (1,868) (1,067) Net cash generated from financing activities (1,677) 1,709

Some argue that outsourcing should not be followed because it export Assignment

Some argue that outsourcing should not be followed because it export jobs overseas Under what circumstances outsourcing should be followed, if any - Assignment Example In the recent developments in technology, firms may outsource so as to ensure the presence of an individual with technological expertise within its workforce. This can result in promoting technological spillover effects thus increasing the output of the workforce. The need for quality improvement can call for outsourcing. This happens when companies seek to bring on board experts who are already performing in other organizations. If an organization does all of its work itself, its work may consume too much time and finances. The quality improvement arises as a result of using different expertise from an external workforce (entrepreneur.com). This mostly features in management consulting where the management consultants advise the company on strategies of increasing its efficiency and product quality. Unavailability of resources, in terms of the skilled workforce, money or even raw materials for the production process. Shortage of a skilled workforce in a given country necessitate outsourcing to take place for efficiency and increased output to be achieved. Finally, the security issue of the data or information may call for outsourcing since some of it has to be handled with great care

Theories of Ethnicity and Nationalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Theories of Ethnicity and Nationalism - Essay Example She writes: â€Å"The two postwar periods of intense affirmation of ethnic categories in personal, social, cultural and political life were both unexpected. Indeed, in some quarters, re-attachment to the culture and community of birth was seen as a mistake of history. This is because of four distinct but, in this respect, converging processes which marked the world order immediately after the end of World War II: first, the process of de-colonisation and development in Asia and Africa; second, the process of integration in Europe; third, the process of expansion and entrenchment of Soviet communism; and fourth, the creation, in 1945, of the United Nations out of the ashes of the League of Nations. These great transformations were expected to create social conditions in which ethnicity and its related phenomenon, nationalism, would be superseded by more 'modern', universalistic, rational, civic or class-based forms of human identification, striving and association and by internationa l or transnational forms of human governance.† (Epstein, 2009) Following this, the important factors to note in post-war concepts of ethnicity are that nationalism and ethnicity had joined with fascism in the regimes of Germany, Italy, and Japan and this is largely credited with the aggression that fueled WWII. There is a perceived inherent danger of fanaticism in the fusion of identity politics and nationalism with ethnicity that led many to conclude that such belief was a â€Å"mistake of history†. (Epstein, 2009) However, in each instance where Leoussie cites popular expectation academically and popularly for a rejection of ethnicity in favor of international institutions or class-based structures of identity, historical evolution has proved that it did not in fact occur as expected. From this, Leoussie suggests that there are a number of â€Å"backlashes,† that occur in post-war academia that transform the way theories of ethnicity are posited in sociology pa rticularly, but also in related fields of anthropology, history, linguistics, psychology, etc. The four converging processes cited by Leoussie in the post-war era contain innumerable examples where theories of ethnicity and nationalism were proved false by subsequent historical development. In the first instance of de-colonisation in Asia and Africa, it is inevitable that liberation process and creation of new national identity would give birth to a stronger patriotic spirit in the indigenous population. However, many of the colonial areas were Western border constructions and the ethnic mix of the indigenous population contained innumerable different tribal groups, for example as in India, leading to further fragmentation of national identity on ethnic and religious lines, as in the partition of Pakistan and Bangladesh. The Socialist and Communist elements of national liberation struggles clearly expected the new identity to be based on class-consciousness and not ethnicity, and th is is replicated in the Soviet example in which innumerable ethnic minorities were repressed. Leoussie cites European integration post-war as a process despite the fact that the continent was divided during the Cold War because the division was on the ideological grounds of communism vs. capitalism rather than based on traditional

Application Questions Essay Example for Free

Application Questions Essay 1. The first stage is Bodily Self. In this stage, infants become aware of their own existence and distinguish their own bodies from objects in the environment (Schultz Schultz 2009). Monica has a sense of humor. She often feels frustrated as she takes care of her children and loses her temper. She is able to joke about her fatigue later. The next stage is Self-identity. Children realize that their identity remains intact despite the many changes that are taking place. Monica is 38 years old stay at home mother of four children. The third stage is Self-esteem. Children learn to take pride in their accomplishments (Schultz Schultz 2009). Monica is insecure about not having attended college. She doesn’t think of herself as unintelligent, but sees herself as uneducated and defers to others with a better education. The fourth stage is Extension of self. In this stage, children come to recognize the object and people that are part of their own world. Monica is a good mother and a mother of fourth. She takes care of her children’s physical and emotional needs. The fifth stage is Self-image. Children develop actual and idealized images of themselves and their behavior and become aware of satisfying parental expectations (Schultz Schultz 2009). Monica is aware of the fact that she looks intimidating and angry. She is self-conscious of her frown lines. The sixth stage is Self as rational coper. Children begin to apply reason and logic to the solution of everyday problems (Schultz Schultz 2009). Clutter and messiness bothers her. She cleans the two bathrooms every day, vacuums, dusts, picks up toys, and so forth. The final stage is Propriate striving. In this stage young people begin to formulate long-range goals and plans (Schultz Schultz 2009). Monica is considering going back to school to earn an associate’s degree in Legal Business Studies and becoming a legal assistant. 2. Cardinal traits are the most perverse and powerful human trait (Schultz Schultz 2009). These traits dominate a person’s behavior and ruling passion. Central traits are the handful of outstanding traits that describe a person’s behavior (Schultz Schultz 2009). These traits describe our behavior. The secondary traits are the least important traits which a person may display inconspicuously and inconsistently (Schultz Schultz 2009). Only a close friend may recognize these traits. Monica’s has a large amount  of central traits. Her friends describe her as being fiercely loyal, supportive, and talkative. She is also a perfectionist and neurotic about cleaning. 3. The functional autonomy propose that the motive of a mature, emotionally health adults are not functionally connected to the prior experiences in which they initially appeared (Schultz Schultz 2009). An addictive behavior that Monica has is that she tries to keep her house spotless. She cleans the two bathrooms every day, vacuums, dusts, picks up toys, and so forth. She is neurotic about cleaning. 4. Prorim is a term for the ego or self (Schultz Schultz 2009). It seems as if Monica understands who she is as a unique individual. Monica’s cleaning, need for order, and ability to laugh at herself helps aid in her individuality. 5. Propriate striving is when young people begin to formulate long-range goals and plans (Schultz Schultz 2009).Her goals is to go back to school to get an associate’s degree in Legal Business Studies and become a legal assistant after all her children are in middle school. She is also able to accept her feelings of frustration as she takes care of her kids and her forgetfulness. Theory Comparison Questions 1. Allport criteria for mental health, is that he believed that mature adults have a unifying philosophy or a set of values. These values help give a purpose to their life. They apply propriate self-extension to their friends, family, hobbies, and work. A healthy personality is made up of compassionate and loving relationships. The compassionate and loving relationship has to be free of possessiveness and jealousy. Emotional security and self acceptance is another criteria. Mature individuals can sustain all the frustrations of life that can’t be avoided without losing their position and giving into to self-pity. Mature individuals have a realistic orientation towards themselves and others. They can economic survive without becoming defensive. The final thing is that they have  developed an accurate self insight their desirable and disagreeable qualities. 2. Allport’s propriate striving is believed to be the core problem for adolescents. The adolescent selects goals that they want to obtain for an occupation or any other life goal. They realize that their future must entail them following a plan and they lose their childhood. Jung believed that self-realization is the balance between various opposing forces of personality. It is list of opposites such as introverted and extraverted, rational and irrational, conscious and unconscious , and past events and future expectations. Maslow self-actualization is the fullest development of the self (Schultz Schultz 2009). A person is able to able to grow towards achieving their highest needs in life. Self-actualization depends on the maximum realization and fulfillment of our potentials, talents, and abilities. If the person is not self-actualizing, he or she will be restless frustrated, and discontent (Schultz Schultz 2009). Rogers believe that individuals can accomplish their goals, wishes and desires. If this is done this is self realization. Rogers wanted to integrate the real self and the ideal self. When these two combine, the fully functioning person emerges. 3. The proprium is a term developed for the self or ego. This includes the aspects of the personality that are distinctive and thus appropriate to our emotional state. Before he proprium begins to emerge, the infant experiences no self consciousness, and no awareness of self. The proprium will develop gradually and steadily, and the child will achieve positive psychological growth. Rogers believe that the self develops through interaction with others. Rogers believes that the concept of self is present when the child is born. Reference Ashcraft, D. M. (2012). Personality theories workbook (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Schultz, D. P., Schultz, S. E. (2009). Theories of personality (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Civil War :: essays research papers

Alpha -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Alpha The first Greek alphabet alpha symbolizes the beginning of an event. Here, of course, we are talking about the beginning of the Civil War. Conventional history claims that the American Civil War started on April 12, 1861 at the bombing of Fort Sumter. Is it true? We CW buffs probably would not quite satisfy with this answer, and we know there were armed hostile incidents happening long before Ft. Sumter, and we shall examine them here. Carl Von Clausewitz, author of "On War", said that war is the extension of politic. The South had long making threat that they would secede if the country elected the Lincoln as President. The North dismissed them. After all, the Southerners had been "talking" secession for the last 40 years since the 1820 Missouri Compromise. Too many cry wolves. Meanwhile, the South thought that the North wouldn't fight. "I could wipe all the blood with my handkerchief" proclaimed Leroy Walker, who later served as the first Confederate Secretary of War. "They are shopkeepers and factory workers. What do they know about soldiering?" The South believed that one southerner could easily beat 10 Yankees. So both sides underestimated the other's determination. The drumming of war cry were beating slowly in the background. In the month of November 1860, events began to heat up. Lincoln got elected on the 6th. South Carolina called for a Convention. New York stock market dropped its price. Maj. Anderson was ordered to Ft. Moultrie. Georgia voted a million dollars to arm the State. In December, South Carolina seceded on 20th. Anderson secretly moved the Federal garrison to Ft. Sumter at night on 26th. US Revenue Cutter William Aiken surrendered to S. Carolina State force on demand. Please notice that President Buchanan took the "do nothing" policy. Taking a ship is clearly an act of war, according to the Northern viewpoint, but the same act would become the defense of a new Country from the Southern viewpoint. But if the Federal chose not to fight back, there would be no "conflict." So you could see that a series of "incidents" happened, but the Federal under Buchanan did not respond. The tempo of war drum increased in January 1861. South Carolina prepared for war / defense, organizing troops and guarding the wharfs and ships, and seized Ft. Johnson in Charleston Harbor. Federal organized militia to defend the D.C. Capital.

Funadamental and Technical Analysis of Nifty

Fundamental and Technical Analysis of Equity Market| Name :- Dhwani Shah Enrollment No :- 0901202144| Most people get interested in stocks when everyone else is. The time to get interested is when no one else is. You can’t buy what is popular and do well. – Warren Buffett| A REPORT ON FUNDAMENTAL AND TECHNICAL ANALYSIS OF EQUITY MARKET BY SHAH DHWANI JITENDRA (0901202144) SUBMITTED TO:- Company Guide Mr. Bhavik Shah Advisory Head (Angel Broking Ltd) Faculty Guide Prof. Mayank Patel IBS Ahmedabad A Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the MBA Program of The ICFAI University, Dehradun DATE OF SUBMISSION: 15th May, 2010 Authorization The making of this project report is authorized by Mr Bhavik Shah ( Advisory Head) Angel Broking Ltd, Ahmedabad (India). I also express my honest confirmation in support of the fact that the said â€Å"Report† has neither been used before to fulfill any other purpose nor it will be submitted to any other person or authority in future. The report is submitted only as partial fulfillment of the requirement of the MBA Program of ICFAI University, Dehradun. Acknowledgements This research project has been a very enlightening and rewarding experience for me in an area that is of great personal interest. I would like to acknowledge and express my gratitude to three groups of people who provided generous amounts of support and cooperation during this scholarly endeavour. First, I have benefited greatly from the never-ending patience, guidance, and encouragement from my company guide Mr. Bhavik Shah. He gave me the support and knowledge required to complete this project in a successful manner. Thank you Bhavik sir for your never-ending encouragement and support for my scholarly pursuits. I would also like to thank Mr. Sachin Rajveer for his constant support and help. Second, I would like to thank Prof. Mayank Patel my faculty in-charge for providing me all required support from his side in terms of knowledge and encouragement, for being there whenever I have a question of doubt and to solve the same. Lastly, a Special vote of thanks to Prof. Saji Kumar, Prof. Prashant Saxena and My Parents for solving all the problems I faced in terms of sources required and for giving a constant encouragement and aspire me to go ahead and fulfil my goals. â€Å"Success in investing doesn't correlate with I. Q. once you're above the level of 25†¦ Once you have ordinary intelligence, what you need is the temperament to control the urges that get other people into trouble in investing. † – Warren Buffet Table of Contents Authorization3 Acknowledgements4 Abstract7 Introduction8 Purpose of the Study:8 Limitations of the Study:8 Method of Collecting Data:8 What Is Fundamental Analysis? 9 The Indian Economy:10 The Industries in the Economy:13 Financial Ratios:23 What Is Technical Analysis? 25 ABB. LTD34 ACC LTD. 35 AMBUJA CEMENT36 AXIS BANK LTD. 37 BHARAT HEAVY ELECTRICALS LTD.. 38 BHARAT PETROLEUM CORPORATION LTD. 39 BHARTI AIRTEL LTD. 40 CAIRN LTD. 41 CIPLA LTD. 42 DLF LTD. 3 GAIL (INDIA) LTD. 44 GRASIM INDUSTRIES LTD45 HCL TECHNOLOGIES LTD. 46 HDFC BANK LTD47 HERO HONDA MOTORS LTD. 48 HINDALCO INDUSTRIES LTD. 49 HINDUSTAN UNILEVER LTD. 50 HOUSING DEVELOPMENT FINANCE CORPORATION LTD. 51 ITC LTD. 52 ICICI BANK LTD53 IDEA CELLULAR LTD. 54 INFOSYS TECHNOLOGIES LTD55 INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT FINANCE CO. LTD. 56 JAIPRAK ASH ASSOCIATES LTD. 57 JINDAL STEEL & POWER LTD. 58 LARSEN & TURBO LTD. 59 MAHINDRA & MAHINDRA LTD. 60 MARUTI SUZUKI INDIA LTD. 61 NTPC LTD. 62 OIL & NATURAL GAS CORPORATION LTD. 63 POWERGRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LTD. 64 PUNJAB NATIONAL BANK65 RANBAXY LABORATORIES LTD. 6 RELIANCE CAPITAL LTD. 67 RELIANCE COMMUNICATION LTD68 RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. 69 RELIANCE INFRASTRUCTURE LTD. 70 RELIANCE POWER LTD. 71 SIEMENS LTD. 72 STATE BANK OF INDIA73 STEEL AUTHORITY OF INDIA LTD74 STERLITE INDUSTRIES (INDIA) LTD. 75 SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES LTD. 76 SUZLON ENERGY LTD. 77 TATA CONSULTANCY SERVICES LTD. 78 TATA MOTORS LTD. 79 TATA POWER CO. LTD. 80 TATA STEEL LTD. 81 UNITECH LTD. 82 WIPRO LTD. 83 Recommendations84 Glossary85 References86 Abstract Stock Market the word itself is enough to speak about itself. It works on two emotions carried by individuals in the market greed and fear. Both emotions either lead to profits or losses. Majority of the participants deal into the market in a speculative manner, buying and selling based on, following the herd or market hear say. But remain an aware about the key reason why a particular stock moved up or fell down. If a stock moves suddenly these individuals say â€Å"Operator must have done that† but forget to find out the real reason. The reasons behind the screen for a company’s share prices going up or falling down, which are hidden in its financial performances and past movement history. These facts can be known by the Fundamental and Technical analysis. Therefore, this report is intended to guide these new entrants and the current market movers about Technical and Fundamental Analysis. To show how the same can lead to profit earning investments and not speculative losses. In this report the basics of Fundamental Analysis have been discussed and all the financial key ratios have been given for the Nifty50 for the 10 years time span from fiscal year 2000 to 2009. A brief idea about Industry and the over all economy is also given. On the bases of these Fundamental tools we can get to know the financial position of a company to back this Technical analysis is also been shown. Initially a few patterns of technical analysis have been explained with an example and later how the use of the same can be done to predicts the future price moves and further a few patterns existing in charts for the current time period have been given. Introduction Purpose of the Study: Is the Stock Market a safe option to invest my savings? For how much time horizon should I invest? What amount of returns should I expect? What are the ideal stocks for investment? This report consists of answers to all these questions which rise in an investors mind before entering into the stock market or when an existing investor buys a stock. For this purpose, Fundamental Analysis of Nifty50 is done for which the economic analysis of the Indian economy is done based on the Inflation Rate, GDPFC, Growth Rate and year on year returns of Nifty. Then a brief Industry analysis is done based on the Industrial Ratios and reason behind them. Finally, Company Analysis is done by analysing the Quality of Management, Product Range of the Company; Financial Strength based certain ratios like Price to Earnings Ratio, Dividend Yield, Price to Book Value, Earnings per Share, Market Capitalization and Market Returns. Following it, Japanese Candle Stick charts showing the chart patters of the market price for each of the 50 scrips are given based on the technical analysis tools and techniques. As Fundamental Analysis is only about identifying undervalued stocks or the booming sectors or companies, but it does not say anything about the timings of the unlocking of that undervaluation but its combination with Technical Analysis will give a better picture to the Investor. As the combination of both enables an investor in taking decisions based on Techno-Funda Analysis and find out the right entry and exit points. This project will even help in knowing the economy as Nifty is the barometer for the Indian Economy, through which the growth patterns and cyclical patterns of the various sectors can also be known, through which scrips of midcap and small can also tracked for the same sector. Limitations of the Study: * . Lesser importance is been given to Economic and Industry Analysis. * Views for investment have been given for short term. Method of Collecting Data: Secondary Data is been used in this project report. This Secondary Data is been collected from reliable sources like the Company Sites and the NSE Site for the Company Data and Indian Bullion, Reserve Bank Of India, and Fimmda Sites for the Industry and Economic Data and for Technical Charts i. charts is been used. Detailed information about the sources is been given in referencing. What Is Fundamental Analysis? Fundamental analysis is a method of evaluating  a security  that entails  attempting to measure  its intrinsic value by examining related economic, financial and other qualitative and quantitative factors. Fundamental analysis is an attempt to study everything that can affect the  security's value; including macroeconomic factors (like the overall economy and industry conditions)  and  company-specific factors (like financial condition and management). There are two approaches to Fundamental Analysis Top-Down Approach and a Bottom-Up Approach. * Top-down approach: In this approach, an analyst investigates both international and national economic indicators, such as GDP growth rates, energy prices, inflation and interest rates. The search for the best security then trickles down to the analysis of total sales, price levels and foreign competition in a sector in order to identify the best business in the sector. * Bottom-up approach: In this approach, an analyst starts the search with specific businesses, irrespective of their industry/region. The end  goal of performing fundamental analysis  is to produce a value that an investor  can compare  with the security's current price, with the aim of figuring out what sort of position to take with that security (underpriced=buy, overpriced=  sell or short). Benefits of Fundamental Analysis: * Identifying the intrinsic value of a security. * Identifying long term investment opportunity, as it involves real time data. Drawbacks of Fundamental Analysis: * Too many economic indicators and extensive macroeconomic data can confuse novice investors. * The same set of information on macroeconomic indicators can have varied effects on the same currencies at different times. * It is beneficial only for long term investments. Steps involved in Fundamental Analysis: * Macroeconomic analysis, which involves considering currencies, commodities and indices. Industry sector analysis, which involves the analysis of companies that are a part of the sector. * Financial analysis of the company. Valuation of any security is done through the discounted cash flow (DCF) model, which takes into consideration: * Dividends received by investors. * Earnings or cash flows of a company. * Debt, which is calculated by using the debt to equity ratio and the current ra tio (current assets/current liabilities). The Indian Economy: To understand the Indian Economy firstly we need to understand a few macroeconomic indicators, as macro economy is the environment in which all the firms operate. These indicators suggest the growth and development prospects of an economy as a whole. Given below are the indicators along with a brief description about them and even figures suggesting where the Indian Economy stands as per these indicators. Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The India GDP statistics is a summarization of all the differential factors that forms the basic foundation of the Indian economy. The India GDP statistics is a cumulative report of the performance of all the major parameters of the Indian economy. The statistics of the India GDP clearly reveals that the rise of the India GDP after the 1990s was due to the open economy phenomenon. The paradigm shift of Indian economy from that of a closed-market to open market was during the balance-of-payments crisis in the late ‘80s. The Government of India remained flexible – it opened up the Indian markets such that private investments could easily find an entry. GDP calculated at purchaser’s price is the total value calculated by all the domestic producers, adding any product taxes and deducting the subsidies, if any (these elements are excluded from the value of the products). Due to the change in the economic policy of India, more foreign direct investments (FDIs) and foreign institutional investors (FIIs) came into the country. This, in a way, strengthened the foundation the Indian economy the confidence index of overseas investors was at a high. With the stupendous growth of Indian Information Technology sector, Indian service industry and the Indian BPO sector, the Indian GDP shot up to 6% during the period from 1988 to 2003. It was after 2004, that the growth of the gross domestic product of India showed considerable improvements, mainly geared by the growth in the Indian service and manufacturing industry. The Indian GDP figure stood at an extraordinary 8. 5% during the period thereafter. But thereafter, what hit us was the global meltdown and it’s after impacts. India got swayed off; the immediate repercussion fell on the growth pattern of the India economy. The GDP growth rate started getting a setback and from then on it had only experienced a downward pattern. A dramatic improvement might not be expected, but a slow and steady growth path is surely desirable. Inflation: Inflation means a persistent rise in the price levels of commodities and services, leading to a fall in the currency’s purchasing power. Inflation Rate is the measure of inflation over a period of time. Inflation rate is calculated for any time period weekly, monthly or annual. The rising figures show us an increase in the rate of goods and services and a fall in the purchasing power of the consumer with the same level of incomes. Therefore an individual must invest keeping in mind the future rise in prices. Increasing inflation is really bad for retirement planning because the target keeps on getting higher and higher to pay for the same quality of life. In other words, your savings will buy less. As a result, you will need to save more today to pay for higher priced goods and services in the future. Since everything you buy today costs more, so you have less left-over income available to save. Inflation has another effect too, once people start to expect inflation, they will spend now rather than later. That's because they know things will only cost more lately. This consumer spending heats up the economy even more, leading to further inflation. This situation is known as spiraling inflation because it spirals out of control. Inflation is important if you are holding bonds or Treasury notes. These fixed price assets only give a fixed return each year. As inflation spirals faster than the return on these assets, they become less valuable. Price Inflation greatly effects time value of money (TVM). It is a major component of interest rates which are at the heart of all TVM calculations. Actual or anticipated changes in the inflation rate cause corresponding changes in interest rates. Lenders know that inflation will erode the value of their money over the term of the loan so they increase the interest rate to compensate for that loss. Nifty: India is a land of many cultures and languages. Its vibrancy and quest for growth throws up as many questions as it throws up new answers. With globalization people are constantly seeking broader horizon of knowledge and information. How much has the country prospered? How well is the economy doing? Nifty is the platform on which India finds these answers. The Nifty Index is a composite of the top 50 stocks listed on the National Stock Exchange (NSE). It is a simplified tool that helps investors and ordinary people alike, to understand what is happening in the stock market and by extension, the economy. If the Nifty Index performs well, it is a signal that companies in India are performing well and consequently that the country is doing well. An upbeat economy is usually reflected in a strong performance of the Nifty Index. A rising index is also indicative that the investors are positive about the future. The Nifty Index is based upon solid economic research. It is internationally respected and recognized as a pioneering effort in providing simpler understanding of stock market complexities. Nifty is the flagship index of NSE, the 3rd largest stock exchange in the world in terms of number of transactions (Stock Futures). Nifty has been used to represent S;P CNX Nifty, owned and managed by India Index Services and Products Ltd. (IISL), a joint venture between NSE and CRISIL. * Nifty index can be used by individuals to track market movements and compare performance of individual companies’ vis-a-vis market performance. * Shareholders evaluation of management decisions – performance of a company vis-a-vis the market generally reflects the perception of the investor. * Assist traders and market intermediaries to evaluate performance and sentiments across the market. Index funds can replicate Nifty indices to earn market returns. * Derivative trading – Investors can use Nifty indices for hedging their exposures in the equity markets. Benchmarking NAV performances – Nifty is the benchmark for performance of open ended and close ended funds. Given above, are the annual returns of S;P CNX Nifty. In the fiscal year ‘03-‘04 and ‘05-’06 Nifty has given annual returns of 81. 29% and 67. 13%. In the year ’08-’09 the time of Global Meltdown Nifty showed strength as compared to the global markets(NASDAQ) and showed instant recovery and rose up to 73. 9% in the fiscal year ’09-’10. The Industries in the Economy: IT Industry: The Indian information technology (IT) industry has played a major role in placing India on the international map. The industry is mainly governed by IT software and facilities for instance System Integration, Software experiments, Custom Application Development and Maintenance (CADM), network services and IT Solutions. According to Nasscom's findings Indian IT-BPO industry expanded by 12% during the Fiscal year 2009 and attained aggregate returns of US$ 71. 6 billion. Out of the derived revenue US$ 59. billion was solely earned by the software and services division. Moreover, the industry witnessed an increase of around US$ 7 million in FY 2008-09 i. e. US$ 47. 3 billion against US$ 40. 9 bil lion accrued in FY 2008-09 | IT Outsourcing in India: As per NASSCOM, IT exports in business process outsourcing (BPO) services attained revenues of US$ 48 billion in FY 2008-09 and accounted for more than 77% of the entire software and services income. Over the years India has been the most favorable outsourcing hub for firm on a lookout to offshore their IT operations. The factors behind India being a preferred destination are its reasonably priced labor, favorable business ambiance and availability of expert workforce. Considering its escalating growth, IBM has plans to increase its business process outsourcing (BPO) functions in India besides employing 5,000 workforces to assist its growth. In the next few years, the industry is all set to witness some multi-million dollar agreements namely: * A 5 year agreement between HCL Technologies and News Corp for administering its information centers and IT services in UK. As per the industry analysts, the pact is estimated to be in the range of US$ 200-US$ 250 million * US$ 50 million agreement between HCL Technologies and Meggitt, UK-based security apparatus manufacturer, for offering engineering facilities. * Global giant Wal-Mart has short listed there Indian IT dealers namely Cognizant Technology Solutions, UST Global and Infosys Technologies for a contract worth US$ 600 million. India's domestic IT Market: India's domestic IT Market over the years has become one of the major driving forces of the industry. The domestic IT infrastructure is developing contexts of technology and intensity of penetration. In the FY 2008-09, the domestic IT sector attained revenues worth US$ 24. 3 billion as compared to US$ 23. 1 billion in FY 2007-08, registering a growth of 5. 4%. Moreover, the increasing demand for IT services and goods by India Inc has strengthened the expansion of the domestic market with agreements worth rising up extraordinarily to US$ 100 million. By the FY 2012, the domestic sector is estimated to expand to US$ 1. 7 billion against the existing from US$ 1 billion. Government initiative in India's domestic IT Market: The Indian government has established a National Taskforce on IT with an aim of formatting a durable National IT Policy for India * Endorsement of the IT Act, which offers an authorized structure to assist electronic trade and electronic operations. Major investments in India's domestic IT Market: * According to Andhra Pradesh Government the state's SEZs and Software T echnology Parks of India (STPI) will witness an investment of US$ 3. 27 billion in the next few years. * VMware Inc, San Francisco-based IT firm is looking forward to invest US$ 100 million by 2010 in India. EMC Corporation's total Indian assets is expected to reach US$ 2 billion by 2014 Future of Indian IT Industry: The Indian IT sector persists to be one of the flourishing sectors of Indian financial system indicating a speedy expansion in the coming years. As per NASSCOM, the Indian IT exports are anticipated to attain US$ 175 billion by 2020 out of which the domestic sector will account for US$ 50 billion in earnings. In total the export and domestic IT sector are expected to attain profits amounting to US$ 225 billion along with new prospects from BRIC nations and Japan for its outsourcing operations. Software Industry: It's the technological revolution that at times brings surprising opportunities for some nations. India, though not among the front runners in terms of economic growth, has successfully utilized such opportunities in the revolution to become an IT hotspot. For the past several years, India has been an increasingly favored destination for customized software development. As a result, a number of software companies in India have come up. Not only the number of players has increased in the Indian IT market, but at the same time, Indian software companies have done considerably well in the global market. Such huge success of software companies in India has given birth to a new speculation – whether other developing countries should imitate Indian example and whether the success of India would constitute a competitive challenge to the software industry of the developed world or not. The Software Industry in India: With the huge success of the software companies in India, the Indian software industry in turn has become successful in making a mark in the global arena. This industry has been instrumental in driving the economy of the nation on to a rapid growth curve. As per the study of NASSCOM-Deloitte, the contribution of IT/ITES industry to the GDP of the country has soared up to a share of 5% in 2007 from a mere 1. 2% in 1998. Besides, this industry has also recorded revenue of US$ 64 billion with a growth rate of 33% in the fiscal year ended in 2008. The export of software has also grown up, which has been instrumental in the huge success of the Indian software companies as well as the industry. In fact, software export from India accounts for more than 65% of the total software revenue. The domestic software market largely depends upon sale of software packages and products, which constitute major part of revenues. Products account for almost 40% of the domestic market. On the other hand, more than 80% of revenue from software exports comes from software services like custom software development and consultancy services etc. Reasons behind Success of Indian software companies: There are a number of reasons why the software companies in India have been so successful. Besides the Indian software companies, a number of multinational giants have also plunged into the India IT market. India is the hub of cheap and skilled software professionals, which are available in abundance. It helps the software companies to develop cost-effective business solutions for their clients. As a result, Indian software companies can place their products and services in the global market in the most competitive rate. This is the reason why India has been a favorite destination for outsourcing as well. Many multinational IT giants also have their offshore development centers in India. IT Business Sectors: Most of the software companies in India are into varied types of business. There can be several types of business in the IT sectors: * Infrastructure Software: These include OS, middleware and databases. * Enterprise Software: These automate business process in diverse verticals like finance, sales and marketing, production and logistics. * Security Software * Industry-specific Software * Contract Programming Top Companies in India: There are plenty of software companies in India which have been doing well. However, some of the top Indian software companies can be listed as: * Tata Consultancy Services * Wipro Limited * Infosys * HCL Technologies Tech Mahindra * Patni Computer Systems * i-flex Solutions * MphasiS * L;T Infotech * IBM India Banking Industry: The growth in the Indian Banking Industry has been more qualitative than quantitative and it is expected to remain the same in the coming years, based on the projections made in the â€Å"India Vision 2020† prepared by the Planning Commission and the Draft 10th Plan, the report forecasts that the pace of expansion in the balance-sheets of banks is likely to decelerate. The total assets of all scheduled commercial banks by end-March 2010 are estimated at Rs 40, 90,000 crores. That will comprise about 65 per cent of GDP at current market prices as compared to 67 per cent in 2002-03. Bank assets are expected to grow at an annual composite rate of 13. 4 per cent during the rest of the decade as against the growth rate of 16. 7 per cent that existed between 1994-95 and 2002-03. It is expected that there will be large additions to the capital base and reserves on the liability side. The Indian Banking Industry can be categorized into non-scheduled banks and scheduled banks. Scheduled banks constitute of commercial banks and co-operative banks. There are about 67,000 branches of Scheduled banks spread across India. As far as the present scenario is concerned the Banking Industry in India is going through a transitional phase. The Public Sector Banks (PSBs), which are the base of the Banking sector in India account for more than 78 per cent of the total banking industry assets. Unfortunately they are burdened with excessive Non Performing assets (NPAs), massive manpower and lack of modern technology. On the other hand the Private Sector Banks are making tremendous progress. They are leaders in Internet banking, mobile banking, phone banking, ATMs. As far as foreign banks are concerned they are likely to succeed in the Indian Banking Industry. In the Indian Banking Industry some of the Private Sector Banks operating are IDBI Bank, ING Vyasa Bank, SBI Commercial and International Bank Ltd, Bank of Rajasthan Ltd. and banks from the Public Sector include Punjab National bank, Vijaya Bank, UCO Bank, Oriental Bank, Allahabad Bank among others. ANZ Grind lays Bank, ABN-AMRO Bank, American Express Bank Ltd, Citibank are some of the foreign banks operating in the Indian Banking Industry. Cement Industry: The history of the cement industry in India dates back to the 1889 when a Kolkata-based company started manufacturing cement from Argillaceous. But the industry started getting the organized shape in the early 1900s. In 1914, India Cement Company Ltd was established in Porbandar with a capacity of 10,000 tons and production of 1000 installed. The World War I gave the first initial thrust to the cement industry in India and the industry started growing at a fast rate in terms of production, manufacturing units, and installed capacity. This stage was referred to as the Nascent Stage of Indian Cement Industry. In 1927, Concrete Association of India was set up to create public awareness on the utility of cement as well as to propagate cement consumption. The cement industry in India saw the price and distribution control system in the year 1956, established to ensure fair price model for consumers as well as manufacturers. Later in 1977, government authorized new manufacturing units (as well as existing units going for capacity enhancement) to put a higher price tag for their products. A couple of year’s later; government introduced a three-tier pricing system with different pricing on cement produced in high, medium and low cost plants. Cement industry, in any country, plays a major role in the growth of the nation. Cement industry in India was under full control and supervision of the government. However, it got relief at a large extent after the economic reform. But government interference, especially in the pricing, is still evident in India. In spite of being the second largest cement producer in the world, India falls in the list of lowest per capita consumption of cement with 125 kg. The reason behind this is the poor rural people who mostly live in mud huts and cannot afford to have the commodity. Despite the fact, the demand and supply of cement in India has grown up. In a fast developing economy like India, there is always large possibility of expansion of cement industry. Cement Production and Growth: Domestic demand plays a major role in the fast growth of cement industry in India. In fact the domestic demand of cement has surpassed the economic growth rate of India. The cement consumption is expected to rise more than 22% by 2009-10 from 2007-08. In cement consumption, the state of Maharashtra leads the table with 12. 18% consumption, followed by Uttar Pradesh. In terms of cement production, Andhra Pradesh leads the list with 14. 72% of production, while Rajasthan remains at second position. The production of cement in India grew at a rate of 9. 1% during 2006-07 against the total production of 147. 8 MT in the previous fiscal year. During April to October 2008-09, the production of cement in India was 101. 04 MT comparing to 95. 05 MT during the same period in the previous year. During October 2009, the total cement production in India was 12. 37 MT compared to a production of 11. 61 MT in the same month in the previous year. The cement companies are also increasing their productions due to the high market demand. The cement companies have seen a net profit growth rate of 85%. With this huge success, the cement industry in India has contributed almost 8% to India's economic development. Technology Up-gradation: Cement industry in India is currently going through a technological change as a lot of up-gradation and assimilation is taking place. Currently, almost 93% of the total capacity is based entirely on the modern dry process, which is considered as more environment-friendly. Only the rest 7% uses old wet and semi-dry process technology. There is also a huge scope of waste heat recovery in the cement plants, which lead to reduction in the emission level and hence improves the environment. Recent Investments in the Indian Cement Industry * In a recent announcement, the second largest cement company in South India, Dalmia Cement declared that it's going to invest more than US$ 652. 6 million in the next 2-3 years to add 10 MT capacities. * Anil Ambani-led Reliance Infrastructure is going to build up cement plants with a total capacity of yearly 20 MT in the next 5 years. For this, the company will invest US$ 2. 1 billion. * India Cements is going to set up 2 thermal power plants in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu at a cost of US$ 104 billion. * Anil Ambani-led Reliance Cementation is also going to set up a 5 MT integrated cement plant in Maharashtra. It will invest US$ 463. 2 million for that. * Jaiprakash Associates Ltd has signed a MoU with Assam Mineral Development Corporation Limited to set up a 2 MT cement plant. The estimated project cost is US$ 221. 36 million. * Rungta Mines (RML) is also planning to invest US$ 123 million for setting up a 1 MT cement plant in Orissa. Automobile Industry: Driving the most luxurious car has been made possible by the stiff competition in the automobile industry in India, with overseas players gathering the same momentum as the domestic participants. Every other day, we have been hearing about some new launches, some low cost cars – all customized in a manner such that the common man is not left behind. In 2009, the automobile industry is expected to see a growth rate of around 9%, with the disclaimer that the auto industry in India has been hit badly by the ongoing global financial crisis. The automobile industry in India happens to be the ninth largest in the world. Following Japan, South Korea and Thailand, in 2009, India emerged as the fourth largest exporter of automobiles. Several Indian automobile manufacturers have spread their operations globally as well, asking for more investments in the Indian automobile sector by the MNCs. The figures show that the automobile sector in India has been growing robustly. The market shares of the different types of vehicles will clearly depict the demand pattern in this sector. Aluminum Industry: Aluminum Industry in India is a highly concentrated industry with the top 5 companies constituting the majority of the country's production. With the growing demand of aluminum in India, the Indian aluminum industry is also growing at an enviable pace. In fact, the production of aluminum in India is currently outpacing the demand. Though India's per capita consumption of aluminum stands too low (under 1 kg) comparing to the per capita consumptions of other countries like US ; Europe (range from 25 to 30 kgs), Japan (15 kgs), Taiwan (10 kgs) and China (3 kgs), the demand is growing gradually. In India, the industries that require aluminum most include power (44%), consumer durables, transportation (10-12%), construction (17%) and packaging etc. The Background: Though the existence of Aluminum was first established in the year 1808, it took almost 46 years to make its production commercially viable. The research work of several years resulted in extracting the aluminum from the ore. Aluminum is third most available element in the earth constituting almost 7. 3% by mass. Currently it is also the second most used metal in the world after steel. Due to the consistent growth of Indian economy at a rate of 8%, the demand for metals, used for various sectors, is also on the higher side. As a result, the Indian aluminum industry is also growing consistently. In FY09, the aluminum industry in India saw a growth of about 9%. The production of aluminum started in India in 1938 when the Aluminum Corporation of India's plant was commissioned. The plant which was set up with a financial and technical collaboration with Alcan, Canada had a capacity of producing 2,500 ton per annum. Hindustan Aluminum Corporation (Hindalco) was set up in UP in the year 1959; it had a capacity of producing 20,000 ton per annum. In 1965, a public sector enterprise Malco which had a capacity of 10,000 ton per annum was commissioned; by 1987, National Aluminum Company (NALCO) was commissioned to produce aluminum. It had a capacity of producing 0. 218 million ton. During the 1970s, the government started regulating and controlling the Indian aluminum industry. Restrictions in entry and price distribution controls were quite common in the Indian aluminum sector. Aluminum Control Order was implemented where the aluminum producers had to sell 50% of their products for electrical usages. However, in 1989, the order was removed as the government decontrolling was revoked. With de-licensing of industry in 1991, the liberal import of technologies and capital goods was started. The liberalization resulted in a growth rate of 12% of the industry, comparing to the growth rate of 6% during the 1980. Aluminum Production in India: India is world's fifth largest aluminum producer with an aluminum production competence of around 2. 7 million tones, accounting almost 5% of the total aluminum production in the world. India is also a huge reservoir of Bauxite with a Bauxite reserve of 3 billion tones. The Production: India lies at the eighth position in the list of leading primary aluminum producers in the world. India saw a significant growth in aluminum production in the past five years. In 2006-07, the production target of aluminum in India laid by the Ministry of Mines, Government of India was 1,153 KT, which was augmented to 1,237 KT in the next year (2007-08). Due to the growing demand from the construction, electrical, automobiles and packaging industry, the production of aluminum also hiked up. In FY 09, the total aluminum production in India was around 1. 35 tones. The Consumption: After a stagnant consumption of primary aluminum in India from the end of 1990s to 2002 (when the consumptions were between 500 – 600 KT), it started rising sharply since 2002. The consumption reached at 1,080 KT in 2006. The consumption of aluminum in India is dominated by the industries like power, infrastructure, and transportation etc. The Major Players: The Indian aluminum industry is dominated by four or five companies that constitute the majority of India's aluminum production. Following are the major players in the Indian aluminum industry: * Hindustan Aluminum Company (HINDALCO): Hindalco is the biggest player in the aluminum industry in India with around 39% of market share. An Aditya Birla Group flagship company, Hindalco has its aluminum plant at Renukoot in Uttar Pradesh. It has various aluminum products with a market share of 42% in primary aluminum, 20% in extrusions 63% in rolled products, 31% in wheels and 44% in foils. * Sterlite Industries: The aluminum business of Sterlite Industries Limited comprises of two Indian aluminum giants – BALCO and MALCO. While BALCO is a partially integrated, MALCO is a fully integrated producer of aluminum. Sterlite has got a market share of around 32%. * National Aluminum Company (NALCO): It is also one of the leading aluminum producers in India. Government of India has a stake of 87. 15% in this company. Its aluminum refinery is located at Damanjodi. It also has a smelter located at Angul, Orissa. Currently, NALCO is concentrating on a capex programme to increase its production from 345,000 tones to 460,000 tones. * Bharat Aluminum Company (BALCO) * MALCO * JINDAL Telecommunications Industry: The Communication Industry in India is one of the rapidly emerging sectors in India and is estimated to surface as the second biggest international telecom market. As per the report carried out by Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), Indian communication industry has registered a 3. 5% increase in its total telecom subscribers in December 2009. The sector touched 562. 1 million in its total number of subscribers within a month, against 543. 20 million in November 2009. The growth in communication industry was triggered by an increase in the revenues generated from both landline and mobile facilities. On December 31, 2009 the sector earned the revenue of USD 8. 56 billion. As per the Business Monitor International report, the nation is all set to include 8 to 10 million cellular phone subscribers on monthly basis. At this pace the communication industry is expected to encompass more than half of India's population i. e. 612 million cellular phone subscribers by mid 2012. In addition, as per a research carried out by Nokia, the Telecommunications sector is estimated to surface as the biggest driving component in India's GDP with a contribution of about 15. 4% by the FY2014. India as an emerging Value-Added Services Market: As per a research conducted by Stanford University, Indian mobile value-added services (MVAS) are expected to reach USD 2. 74 bn by the FY2010. To benefit from the emerging MVAS market in India, Reliance Telecommunications and Bharti Airtel Limited are all set to introduce online cellular phone applications in Indian retail stores. While Bharti Airtel will offer around 1,250 applications, Reliance Telecommunications' applications will soon be accessible to its GSM customers by Feb 2010. India as an emerging telecom equipment manufacturing Market: The manufacturing of Cellular phone in India is predicted to expand at an annual rate of 28. 3% till the FY 2011 which can be translated as a production of 107 million mobile handsets by 2010. The production would automatically generate profits and is predicted to increase at an annual rate of 26. 6% till 2011, reaching the target of USD13. billion. Chief Investments in the Communication Industry in India: Over the past one decade, the flourishing Indian Communication industry has been successful in drawing the attention of conglomerates that have invested and are willing to invest more in the sector. With the influx of new telecom giants in Indian market, the investments are likely to gain immense momentum: * Investment of USD 6 bn by Vodafone Essar for the next 3 fis cal years in order to expand its list of cellular phone subscribers to 100 million against the existing 40 million. By 2010, Reliance Communications (RCom) is expecting to increase the total number of telecom towers by constructing 56,596 telecom towers and attaining the preset target of 100,000. * Telenor, Norway based telecom giant has purchased 7% of shares in Unitech Wireless and now possesses 67. 25% by bringing in an investment of USD 431. 70 million * Indian government owned telecom player, BSNL will invest USD1. 17 billion in its WiMax scheme * A proposal of foreign direct investment worth USD 660. million by Federal Agency for State Property Management of the Russian Federation has been recently approved by the Indian government. The Agency would be acquiring 20% stake in Sistema-Shyam after bringing in the investment. * A USD 1 billion investment will be brought in by Tata Teleservices in its newly introduced GSM facility Tata DoCoMo. Future of Communication Industry in In dia: Indian Communication Industry has a flourishing future in its value-added services market. The pre-set target of the 11th plan from FY 2007 – 12 is to provide 600 million cellular phone connectivity aided by an investment of USD 74 billion. Moreover, it is estimated that by the FY 2012 the profits generated by Indian Communication Industry will touch USD 55 billion against the current USD 31 billion. Pharma Industry: The pharmaceutical industry in India is among the most highly organized sectors. This industry plays an important role in promoting and sustaining development in the field of global medicine. Due to the presence of low cost manufacturing facilities, educated and skilled manpower and cheap labor force among others, the industry is set to scale new heights in the fields of production, development, manufacturing and research. In 2008, the domestic pharma market in India was expected to be US$ 10. 76 billion and this is likely to increase at a compound annual growth rate of 9. 9 per cent until 2010 and subsequently at 9. 5 per cent till the year 2015. Industry Trends: * The pharma industry generally grows at about 1. 5-1. 6 times the Gross Domestic Product growth * Globally, India ranks third in terms of manufacturing pharma products by volume * The Indian pharmaceutical industry is expected to grow at a rate of 9. 9 % till 2010 and after that 9. 5 % till 2015 * In 2007-08, India exported drugs worth US$7. billion in to the US and Europe followed by Central and Eastern Europe, Africa and Latin America * The Indian vaccine market which was worth US$665 million in 2007-08 is growing at a rate of more than 20% * The retail pharmaceutical market in India is expected to cross US$ 12-13 billion by 2012 * The Indian drug and pharmaceuticals segment received foreign direct investment to the tune of US$ 1. 43 billi on from April 2000 to December 2008 Challenges: Every industry has its own sets of advantages and disadvantages under which they have to work; the pharmaceutical industry is no exception to this. Some of the challenges the industry faces are: * Regulatory obstacles * Lack of proper infrastructure. * Lack of qualified professionals * Expensive research equipments * Lack of academic collaboration * Underdeveloped molecular discovery program * Divide between the industry and study curriculum Government Initiatives: The government of India has undertaken several including policy initiatives and tax breaks for the growth of the pharmaceutical business in India. Some of the measures adopted are: * Pharmaceutical units are eligible for weighted tax reduction at 150% for the research and development expenditure obtained. Two new schemes namely, New Millennium Indian Technology Leadership Initiative and the Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Research Program have been launched by the Government. * The Government is contemplating the creation of SRV or special purpose vehicles with an insurance cover to be used for funding new drug research * The Department of Pharmaceuticals is mulling the cre ation of drug research facilities which can be used by private companies for research work on rent Pharma Export: In the recent years, despite the slowdown witnessed in the global economy, exports from the pharmaceutical industry in India have shown ood buoyancy in growth. Export has become an important driving force for growth in this industry with more than 50 % revenue coming from the overseas markets. For the financial year 2008-09 the export of drugs is estimated to be $8. 25 billion as per the Pharmaceutical Export Council of India, which is an organization, set up by the Government of India. A survey undertaken by FICCI, the oldest industry chamber in India has predicted 16% growth in the export of India's pharmaceutical growth during 2009-2010. Key Players in the Industry: There are several national and international pharmaceutical companies that operate in India. Most of the country's requirements for pharmaceutical products are met by these companies. Some of them are briefly described below: * Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited is the biggest pharmaceutical manufacturing company in India. The company is ranked at the 8th position among the global generic pharmaceutical companies and has presence in 48 countries including world class manufacturing facilities in 10 countries and serves to customers from over 125 countries. Ranbaxy Laboratories 2009-2010 Q3 Net Profit Results showed a profit of Rs 116. 6 crores as compared to Rs 394. crores deficit, recorded during the corresponding period last fiscal. * Dr. Reddy's Laboratories manufactures and markets a wide range of pharmaceuticals both in India and abroad. The company has 60 active pharmaceutical ingredients to manufacture drugs, critical care products, diagnostic kits and biotechnology products. The company has 6 FDA plants that produce active pharma ingredients and 7 FDA inspected and ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 certified plants. Dr. Reddy's Q1 FY10 result shows the revenues of the company at Rs. 18,189 million which is up by 21%. During this quarter the company introduced 24 new generic products, applied for 22 new generic product registrations and filed 4 DMFs. * Cipla is an Indian pharmaceutical company renowned for the manufacture of low cost anti AIDS drugs. The company's product range comprises of anthelmintics, oncology, anti-bacterial, cardiovascular drugs, antibiotics, nutritional supplements, anti-ulcerants, anti-asthmatics and corticosteroids. Cipla also offers other services like quality control, engineering, project appraisal, plant supply, consulting, commissioning and know-how transfer, support. For the financial year 2008-09 the company registered an increase of 22% in sales and other income over the previous year. * Nicholas Piramal is the second largest pharmaceutical healthcare company in India. The brands manufactured by the company include Gardenal, Ismo, Stemetil, Rejoint, Supradyn, Phensedyl and Haemaccel. Nicholas Piramal has entered into join ventures and alliances with several international corporations like Cheissi, Italy; IVAX Corp; UK, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Allergan Inc. , USA etc. Glaxo Smithkline (GSK) is a United Kingdom based pharma company; it is the world's second largest pharmaceutical company. The company's portfolio of pharma products consist of central nervous system, respiratory, oncology, vaccines, anti-infectives and gastro-intestinal/metabolic products among others. On November 2009, the FDA had announced that the H1N1 vaccine manufactured by GSK would join the list of the four vaccines approved. * Zydus Cadila also known as Cadila Healthcar e is an Indian pharmaceutical company located in Gujarat. The company's 1QFY2010 results show the net sales at Rs880. cr which is higher than the estimated Rs773cr. The net profit was Rs124. 8cr which was increase of 39%; the increase was on account of higher sales and improvement in the OPM. Financial Ratios: Earnings per Share( EPS): The portion of a company's profit allocated to each outstanding share of common stock. Earnings per share   serves as an indicator of  a company's profitability. Calculated as : When calculating, it is more accurate to use a  weighted average number of shares outstanding over the reporting term, because the  number of shares outstanding can change over time. An important aspect of EPS that's often ignored is the capital that is required to generate the earnings (net income) in the calculation. Two companies could generate the same EPS number, but one could do so  with  less equity (investment) – that company would be more efficient at using its  capital to generate income and, all other things being equal, would be a â€Å"better† company. Investors also need to be aware of earnings manipulation that will affect the quality of the earnings number. It is important not to rely on any one financial measure, but to use it in conjunction with statement analysis and other measures. Price to Book Value (P/B): A ratio used to compare a stock's market value to its book value. It is calculated by dividing the current closing price of the stock by the latest quarter's book value per share. Also known as the â€Å"price-equity ratio†. Calculated as: A lower  P/B ratio could mean that the stock is undervalued. However, it could also mean that something is fundamentally wrong with the company. As with most ratios, be aware that  this varies   by industry. This ratio also gives some idea of whether you're paying too much for what would be left if the company went bankrupt immediately. Price to Earnings Ratio (P/E): A valuation ratio of a company's current share price compared to its per-share earnings. Calculated as: For example, if a company is currently trading at Rs. 43. 00 a share and earnings over the last 12 months were Rs 1. 95 per share, the P/E ratio for the stock would be 22. 05 (Rs43/Rs1. 95). In general, a high P/E  suggests that investors are expecting  higher earnings  growth  in the future compared to companies with a  lower P/E. However, the P/E ratio doesn't tell us the whole story by itself. It's usually  more useful to compare the P/E ratios of one  company to other companies in the same industry, to the market in general or against the company's own historical P/E. It would not be useful for investors  using the P/E ratio as a basis for their investment to compare the P/E of a technology company (high P/E) to a utility company (low P/E) as each industry has much different growth prospects. The P/E is sometimes  referred to as the â€Å"multiple†, because it shows how much investors are willing to pay per Re. of earnings. If a company were currently trading at a multiple  (P/E) of 20, the interpretation is that an investor is  willing to pay Rs. 20 for Re. 1 of   current earnings. It is important that investors note  an important  problem that arises with the P/E measure, and to avoid basing a decision on this measure alone. The denominator (earnings) is based on an accounting measure of earnings  that  is susceptible to forms of manipulation, making the  quality of the P/E  only as good as the quality of the underlying earnings number. Dividend Yeild (D. Y): A financial ratio that  shows how much a company pays out in dividends each year relative to its share price. In the absence of any capital gains, the dividend yield is the return on investment for a  stock. Dividend yield is calculated as follows: Dividend yield is  a way to measure how much cash flow you are getting for each dollar invested in an equity position. Investors who require a minimum stream of cash flow from their investment portfolio can secure this cash flow by investing in stocks paying relatively high, stable dividend yields. What Is Technical Analysis? Technical analysis is a method of evaluating securities by analyzing the statistics generated by market activity, such as past prices and volume. Technical analysts do not attempt to measure a security's intrinsic value, but instead use charts and other tools to identify  patterns that can suggest future activity. Just as there are many investment styles on the fundamental side, there are also many different types of technical traders. Some rely on chart patterns; others use technical indicators and oscillators, and most use some combination of the two. In any case, technical analysts' exclusive use of historical price and volume data is what separates them from their fundamental counterparts. Unlike fundamental analysts, technical analysts don't care whether a stock is undervalued – the only thing that matters is a security's past trading data and what information this data can provide about where the security might move in the future. The field of technical analysis is based on three assumptions: * The market discounts everything. * Price moves in trends. * History tends to repeat itself. The Market Discounts Everything: A major criticism of technical analysis is that it only considers price movement, ignoring the fundamental factors of the company. However, technical analysis assumes that, at any given time, a stock's price reflects everything that has or could affect the company – including fundamental factors. Technical analysts believe that the company's fundamentals, along with broader economic factors and market psychology, are all priced into the stock, removing the need to actually consider these factors separately. This only leaves the analysis of price movement, which technical theory views as a product of the supply and demand for a particular stock in the market. Price Moves in Trends: In technical nalysis, price movements are believed to follow trends. This means that after a trend has been established, the future price movement is more likely to be in the same direction as the trend than to be against it. Most technical trading strategies are based on this assumption. History Tends To Repeat Itself: Another important idea in technical analysis is that history tends to repeat itself, mainly in terms of price movement. The repetitive nature of price movements is attributed to market psychology; in other words, market participants tend to provide a consistent reaction to similar market stimuli over time. Technical analysis uses chart  patterns to analyze market movements and understand trends. Although many of these charts have been used for more than 100 years, they are still believed to be relevant because they illustrate patterns in price movements that often repeat themselves. Although technical analysis and fundamental analysis are seen by many as polar opposites – the oil and water of investing – many market participants have experienced great success by combining the two. For example, some fundamental analysts use technical analysis techniques to figure out the best time to enter into an undervalued security. Oftentimes, this situation occurs when the security is severely oversold. By timing entry into a security, the gains on the investment can be greatly improved. Alternatively, some technical traders might look at fundamentals to add strength to a technical signal. For example, if a sell signal is given through technical patterns and indicators, a technical trader might look to reaffirm his or her decision by looking at some key fundamental data. Oftentimes, having both the fundamentals and technical’s on your side can provide the best-case scenario for a trade. Not Just for Stocks: Technical analysis can be used on any security with historical trading data. This includes stocks, futures and commodities, fixed-income securities, forex, etc. In this tutorial, we'll usually analyze stocks in our examples, but keep in mind that these concepts can be applied to any type of security. In fact, technical analysis is more frequently associated with commodities and forex, where the participants are predominantly traders. Now that the philosophy behind technical analysis is understood, with the help of certain examples let’s see how it really works. Trend: One of the most important concepts in technical analysis is that of trend. The meaning in finance isn't all that different  from the general definition of the term – a trend is really nothing more than the general direction in which a security or market is headed. There are three types of trend: * Uptrends: Higher Highs and Higher Lows * Downtrends: Lower Highs and Lower Lows * Sideways/Horizontal Trends: Little movement up or down in the peaks and troughs Along with these three trend directions, there are three trend classifications. A trend of any direction can be classified as a long-term trend, intermediate trend or a short-term trend. In terms of the stock market, a major trend is generally categorized as one lasting longer than a year. An intermediate trend is considered to last between one and three months and a near-term trend is anything less than a month. A long-term trend is composed of several intermediate trends, which often move against the direction of the major trend. If the major trend is upward and there is a downward correction in price movement followed by a continuation of the uptrend, the correction is considered to be an intermediate trend. The short-term trends are components of both major and intermediate trends. It is important to be able to understand and identify trends so that you can trade with the trend rather than against them. Two important sayings in technical analysis are â€Å"the trend is your friend† and â€Å"don't buck the trend†. Trendline is the tool used to draw trends and even identify the support and resistance. Support and Resistance: Support: The price level through which a stock or market seldom falls. Resistance: The price level that a stock or market seldom surpasses. Once a resistance or support level is broken, its role is reversed. If the price falls below a support level, that level will become resistance. If the price rises above a resistance level, it will often become support. As the price moves past a level of support or resistance, it is thought that supply and demand has shifted, causing the breached level to  reverse its role. For a true reversal to occur, however, it is important that the price make a strong move through either the support or resistance. Support and resistance analysis is an important part of trends because it can be used to make trading decisions and identify when a trend is reversing. For example, if a rader identifies an important level of resistance that has been tested several times but never broken, he or she may decide to take profits as the security moves toward this point because it is unlikely that it will  move past this level. Support and resistance levels both test and confirm trends and need to be monitored by anyone who uses technical analysis. As long as the price o f the share remains between these levels of support and resistance, the trend is likely to continue. It is important to note, however, that a break beyond a level of support or resistance does not always have to be a reversal. For example, if a price moved above the resistance levels of an upward trending channel, the trend has accelerated, not reversed. This means that the price appreciation is expected to be faster than it was in the channel. Being aware of these important support and resistance points should affect the way that you trade a stock. Traders should avoid placing orders at these major points, as the area around them is usually marked by a lot of volatility. If you feel confident about making a trade near a support or resistance level, it is important that you follow this simple rule: do not place orders directly at the support or resistance level. This is because in many cases, the price never actually reaches the whole number, but flirts with it instead. So if you're bullish on a stock that is moving toward an important support level, do not place the trade at the support level. Instead, place it above the support level, but within a few points. On the other hand, if you are placing  stops or short selling, set up your trade price at or below the level of support. Volumes: Volume is simply the number of shares or contracts that trade over a given period of time, usually a day. The higher the volume, the more active the security. To determine the movement of the volume (up or down), chartists look at the volume bars that can usually be found at the bottom of any chart. Volume bars illustrate how many shares have traded per period and show trends in the same way that prices do. Volume is an important aspect of technical analysis because it is used to confirm trends and chart patterns. Any price movement up or down with relatively high volume is seen as a stronger, more relevant move than  a similar move with weak volume. Therefore, if you are looking at a large price movement, you should also examine the volume to see whether it tells the same story. The other use of volume is to confirm chart patterns. Patterns such as head and shoulders, triangles, flags and other price patterns can be confirmed with volume. In most chart patterns, there are several pivotal points that are vital to what the chart is able to convey. Basically, if the volume is not there to confirm the pivotal moments of a chart pattern, the quality of the signal formed by the pattern is weakened. Another important idea in technical analysis is that price is preceded by volume. Volume is closely monitored to form ideas on upcoming trend reversals. If volume is starting to decrease in an uptrend, it is usually a sign that the upward run is about to end. Now that some of the important factors of technical analysis are understood, we can move on to charts, which help to identify trading opportunities in prices movements. Charts: In technical analysis, charts are similar to the charts that you see in any business setting. A chart is simply a graphical representation of a series of prices over a set time frame. For example, a chart may show a stock's price movement over a one-year period, where each point on the graph represents the closing price for each day the stock is traded There are several things that you should be aware of when looking at a chart, as these factors can affect the information that is provided. They include the time scale, the price scale and the price point properties used. The Time Scale: The time scale refers to the range of dates at the bottom of the chart, which can vary from decades to seconds. The most frequently used time scales are intraday, daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly and annually. The shorter the time frame, the more detailed the chart. Each data point can represent the closing price of the period or show the open, the high, the low and the close depending on the chart used. The Price Scale and Price Point Properties: The price scale is on the right-hand side of the chart. It shows a stock's current price and compares it to past data points. This may seem like a simple concept in that the price scale goes from lower prices to higher prices as you move along the scale from the bottom to the top. The problem, however, is in the structure of the scale itself. A  scale can  either be constructed in a linear (arithmetic) or logarithmic way, and both of these options are  available on most charting services. Charts: There are four main types of charts that are used by investors and traders depending on the information that they are seeking and their individual skill levels. The chart types are: the line chart, the bar chart, the candlestick chart and the point and figure chart. Line Chart: The most basic of the four charts is the  line chart because it represents only the closing prices over a set period of time. The line is formed by connecting the clo